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THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK 



CHICKAMAUGA— CHATTANOOGA. 



An Historical Guide, 



>A^ITH rvlAF>S AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



BY 



H- V. BOYNTON. 




CINCINNATI: 
THE ROBERT CLARKE COMPANY. 

1S95. 



'3t 



Copyright, 189s, 
H. V. BOYNTON., 



PREFACE. 



Chattanooga was an objective of the Union armies of the 
central west from an early period of the war. Gen. Thomas, 
in November, 1861, asked for a force of 20,000 with which 
he designed to advance through Cumberland Gap on Knox- 
ville, and thence to Chattanooga. Gen. Buell, after having 
been turned aside from Nashville to co-operate with Gen. 
Grant toward Corinth, was sent eastward from the latter 
point against Chattanooga. The objects of Gen. Rosecrans' 
advance from Nashville were to clear Tennessee and occupy 
Chattanooga. While other elements, such as securing Nash- 
ville, and re-establishing, a Union State Government there, 
entered into previous campaigns, Chattanooga was the direct 
objective of the Chickamauga campaign. 

The battle of Chickamauga was one of the best illustrations 
of the pluck, endurance, and prowess of the American sol- 
dier which the war afforded. Measured by the percentages 
of losses, and the duration of the fighting for the various por- 
tions of each army, it was the deadliest battle of modern times. 
Its strategy will always be notable in the history of wars. 
So far as the occupation of the field is concerned it was 
a Confederate victory. Considering the objects of the cam- 
])aign it was a Union triumph. 

The battle of Chattanooga was the grandest spectacular 
engagement of the war. Its features appear in as bold re- 
lief as do Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge upon the 
fields which they dominate. 

Twenty-nine of the thirty-three States east of the Rocky 
Mountains, which comprised the Union at the outbreak of 

(iii) 



PREFACE. 



the war, had troops engaged in these campaigns, and five of 
these were represented on both sides. The latter were Ken- 
tucky, Missouri, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Maryland. 
Three Union armies took part in the campaign for Chat- 
tanooga, the Army of the Cumberland in its entirety, four 
divisions from the Army of the Tennessee under Gen. Sher- 
man, and four from the Army of the Potomac under Gen. 
Hooker. On the Confederate side Gen. Bragg was re-enforced 
by Gen. Tongstreet's Corps from the Army of North Virginia, 
by troops from Gen. Johnson in Mississippi, and by Gen. 
Buckner's Corps from East Tennessee. Thus the whole 
country was directly and largely interested in the campaign 
and battles for Chattanooga, while on each side were many 
of the most distinguished and prominent officers of the war. 

It was this universal interest of the country and its armies 
in these battles, the brilliancy of the strategy, the unsurpassed 
pluck of the fighting, and the wonderful natural features of 
the fields of battle, which made it possible to secure the 
unanimous support of Congress for the project of establishing 
the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. 

It was the pioneer project in giving impartial representa- 
tion to both sides in preserving the history of the fields and 
marking the lines of battle. The Gettysburg Memorial As- 
sociation soon followed and the act establishing a Park at 
Shiloh, the work of preserving the field at Antietam, and the 
proposed completion of Gettysburg under the Government 
are proceeding upon the methods inaugurated at Chicka- 
mauga and Chattanooga. 

It is proposed in this volume to present such concise his- 
tory of the Park project, and the battles for Chattanooga, 
as its limits will admit ; also a comprehensive guide to all 
parts of these fields. 

The great extent of the Park, the fact that it can be vis- 
ited from several directions, each of which requires a differ- 
ent route, and that many visitors will have time only to make 
themselves familiar with the more prominent features of the 



PREFACE. 



movements and battles, render repetitions necessary in de- 
scribing the general features for the benefit of all visitors. 

In order to fix the field in mind as it was at the time of the 
battle it is well to remember : 

1. All the roads were surface roads, without cuts or fills. 

2. Most of the forest was thickly obstructed with under- 
brush. 

3. Some of the present fields were woods. 

A list of the fields cleared since the batde will be found m 
the body of the book. 

Owing to the intricacies of movements, and the absence ot 
many important reports, the studies of these extended fields 
are far from complete. The valuable aid of state commis- 
sions has supplied many of these lacks, and gready facilitated 
this branch of the work. The author will regard it as a spe- 
cial favor if those who discover errors in this volume will 
notify him. 




War Relics from Snodcrass Hill. (Sec page xi.) 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Guide to the Chickamauga Field 167 

Visiting Chickamauga from Chattaxooga 195 

Guide to the Chattaxooga Fields 207 



CHAPTER I. 

General Description of the Park i 

Table of Distances 12 

CHAPTER 11. 
The Chickamauga Campaign — Rosecrans' Sti ategy 15 

CHAPTER III. 
Bragg in McLemore's Cove— Rosecrans' Concentration 21 

CHAPTER IV. 

Battle of Chickamauga— First Day, Saturday, Sept. 19, 1S63.. . 29 

CHAPTER V. 
Battle of Chickamauga— Second Day, Sunday, Sept. 20, 1863. . 41 

CHAPTER VI. 
Roster of the Union and the Confederate Armies at Chicka- 



mauga . 



60 



CHAPTER VII. 
Rosecrans at Chattanooga— Bragg's Investment 89 

CHAPTER VIII. 

The Chickamauga Campaign Skeletonized 95 

(vii) 



VUl CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IX. 

PAGE 

Re-opening the Tennessee River — The Brown's Ferry Affair. . 99 



CHAPTER X. 
Re-opening the Tennessee River — Battle of Wauhatchie 105 

CHAPTER XI. 

Battle of Chattanooga — Orchard Knob — Lookout Mountain — 

Missionary Ridge 109 

CHAPTER XII. 

Rosters of the Union and Confederate Armies at Chattanooga. 140 

CHAPTER XIII. 

(iuide to the Chickamauga Field — Approaching from Crawfish 

Springs 1^7 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Visiting Chickamauga from Chattanooga 195 

CHAPTER XV. 
Guide to the Chattanooga Fields 207 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Origin and Development of the Park Project — The Chicka- 
mauga Memorial Association 219 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Development of the Park Project — The Plan Changed — A 
National Military Park Supplants the Memorial Associa- 
tion 251 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

Establishing the Park-Organization and Prosecution of the ^ ^ 
Work— The Park Commission -7- 

CHAPTER XIX. 

State Commissioners and State Troops 275 

The Friendly Governors 

CHAPTER XX. 

-787 
Points of Discussion and Dispute ' 



LIST OF MAPS. 



PAGE 



The National Park and its Approaches i 

Theater of the Campaign for Chattanoo(;a H 

Movements in McLemore's Cove ^2 , 

Battle OF Chickamauga— First Day ^o 



' Battle of Chickamauga— Second Day 4- 

'/ Kelly Field, Snodgrass Hill, Afternoon Second Day. 51 
/ Chattanooga, Lookout, Missionary Ridge 



y, Chickamauga Campaign Skeletonized 9^ 

/.Brown's Ferry Movement-Battle of Wauhatchie.. 100 
/Chattanooga, Lookout, Missionary Ridge "o 



*M^'' 
















Spfai.mkx ok Shkm. Montmexts. (Sec page xi.) 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

WITH DESCRIPTIONS 



Lookout Mountain from the Mouth of Chatta- 
nooga Creek Frontispiece. 

This view is from the Chattanooga or eastern side of 
the mountain. The slope shown against the sky at the 
right of tlie picture is the line along which Hooker's flags 
first came into view from the city as his troops advanced 
from the west side of the mountain. The high ground to 
the right, in the foreground, is on Moccasin Point. 

Relics from Snodgrass Hilt 6 

These limbs of oak trees were cut on Snodgrass Hill 
in iSSS, two years before the Park was established. The 
trees from which they were taken stood at the foot of the 
slope where Steedman's Division went into action when 
it reached Thomas' line Sunday afternoon. The firing 
was from Confederate batteries at Steedman's lines. 

Pyramidal Monuments of Eight Inch Shell lo 

These are erected to mark the spots where those exer- 
cising the command of general officers were killed or 
mortally wounded. There were four of these on each side, 
all commanding bridages: Brig. -Gen. W. H. Lytle and 
Cols. P. P. Baldwin, H. C. Heg, and E. A. King, on the 
Union side; and Brig. -Gens. Jas. Deshler, B. H. Helm and 
Preston Smith and Col. P. IT. Colquitt, of the Confed- 
erates. 

Lee and Gordon's Mill.. 33 

The La Fa3'ette Road runs upon high ground which 
looks down upon the front of the Mill at a distance of 
about 300 yards, and crosses the Chickamauga a little 
to the right (above) the Mill. 

(xi) 



xu list of illustrations. 

Kelly Field, Looking North 46^ 

The telegraph poles at the left are on the La Fay- 
ette Road, the west side of the field. Breckinridge's 
Division, after turning the Union left, marched out of 
the woods on the north full into the Union rear. John 
Beatt) 's Brigade resisted Breckinridge on the La Fayette 
Road bej'ond the break in the forest, Stanley's Brigade in 
the forest to the left of the field, and Van Derveer's, which 
finally repulsed him after Stanley's Brigade had been sent 
to Snodgrass Hill, advanced from the forest on the west 
side into the field, wheeled north, and pressed Breckinridge 
back over the ground of his advance. 

The Brotherton House 48. 

This house fronts on the La Fayette Road. The Union 
line Sunday morning was parallel to the road and in the 
edge of the woods back of the house. Longstreet's column 
of three divisions was in the woods in front of the house, 
Negley's Division first held the line back of the house, and 
was relieved by Wood's. As the latter was moving to 
his left under orders, and before the gap was filled. Long- 
street's column pressed into it, broke the Union center and 
forced its lines back to Snodgrass Hill. 

Dyer's Field, Looking North 501 

The flag marks the present Park Headquarters, which 
are at the Dyer House. The tower to the right of it is 
back of the first ridge, and stands at the high point of 
Snodgrass Hill, on the ground which was Brannan's right 
before Granger's troops arrived. The woods to the right 
skirt the eastern side of the field. The La Fa3'ette Road 
runs parallel to this line of forest, and a quarter of a mile 
east of it. The Brotherton House where Longstreet's cen- 
ter pierced the Union line, is directly east of the monu- 
ment at the right. The ridge at the extreme north end 
of the field in the center of the picture, is where Marker's 
Brigade checked Law's advance. Over the same ridge 
Kershaw's Brigade, forcing Harker back, advanced to the 
assault of Snodgrass Hill with Humphrey's Brigade on its 
right. Upon the ridge to the left, Bushrod Johnson's Di- 
vision captured fifteen guns, and went on to the assault 
of Snodgrass Hill from the Viditoe House. The tablet in 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XUl 

the center of the field marks the point at the site of the 
old Tan Yard to which Clayton's Brigade of Stewart's 
Division penetrated Saturday at 4:30 p. m., after forcing 
Van Cleye's two brigades back from their line in front 
of Brotherton's, and subsequently breaking the Union 
line at the latter point. The line was restored bv the ad- 
vance of Negley's Division into the south end of the field, 
and of Brannan's into its northern extremitv. 

ViDiTOE House — Line of Johnson and Hindman's 

Assault on Snodgrass Hill 54 ,, 

The Viditoe House stands at the left near the gorge 
through which the Crawfish Springs Road passes toward 
McFarland's Gap. In the assault on the Ridge, the left of 
Hindman's Division extended into the gorge, and his right 
about to the middle of the picture. There Bushrod John- 
son's line began, and ran along the road at the base of 
the Ridge for a considerable distance to the right. 

Chattanooga in 1863 91 

The arched railroad depot still stands. To its right, the 
long low building with chimneys is the Crutchfield House, 
where a deposit of a dollar was required to secure a towel 
and a piece of soap. The cluster of white buildings on 
the hill in the direction of Lookout are the thirteen hos- 
pitals which were used in succession bv both armies. 

Chattanooga and Brown's Ferry from Lookout 

Mountain 102 ^ 

Brown's Ferry, where the bridge was thrown as the pre- 
liminary move in opening the lines of supply, lies near the 
lower point of the low range parallel to the river at the 
left of the picture. The point of landing was just opposite 
the line of trees which run down to the bank perpendicular 
to the direction of the stream and just above the lower 
point of the range. The large island below Brown's 
Ferry is William's Island. The center of the picture is 
occupied by Moccasin Point. The toe is at the right, the 
heel at the left, and the ankle is the narrow neck between 
Brown's Ferry and Chattanooga. Sherman's troops 
crossed first at Brown's Ferry, and again, the night of 
November 2 ;d, at the last bend where a glimpse of the 



XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

river is seen at the right. The slope of Lookout in the 
foreground extends from the foot of the palisades to the 
river bluff a width of a inile and a half. The Craven House, 
which was Gen. Walthall's Headquarters, stands at the 
right end of the heavy clump of trees close to and over the 
word " Lookout Mt. " in the title. The highest point in 
the woods near the toe of tlie Moccasin was occupied by 
Union batteries, which raked the entire Craven House 
slope. 

Orchard Knob — Headquarters of Grant and 

Thomas, November 25TH nSV 

The view is from the Chattanooga side looking toward 
Missionary Ridge. It stands half way between the eastern 
limits of the city and the Ridge. It was carried bv the 
Union forces in the first day's operations. It commands 
a view of both Union anid Confederate lines from Lookout 
Mountain to Sherman Heights. It was the headquarters 
of Grant, Thomas, and Gordon Granger during the last 
da3''s battle. The monument to the left was erected by 
Massachusetts to her Second and Thirty -third, regiments. 
The western portion of the Knob, the whole of which is 
part of the National Park, is set apart for monuments to 
such troops as served in the campaign, but were not en- 
gaged within the legal limits of the Park. 

Hooker's Battle Field on Lookout Mountain 118 

Hooker's troops formed about two miles south of the 
point of the mountain on such ground as is shown in the 
cut, his lines reaching from the palisades to the base. 
They then moved north and swept around the point of the 
mountain and over the lower slope shown to the left. 
Across the river at the left is Moccasin Point. 

Tunnel Hill and Sherman Heights 124 

The high ground to the right, now marked by the True- 
blood House, is Tunnel Hill. The Tunnel is a little over a 
quarter of a mile to the right. The house on the lower 
bench of the ridge to the left of Tunnel Hill is Moon's. 
The woods at the extreine left of the picture are the foot 
of the slope of the detached range occupied by Gen. Sher- 
man in his first dav's advance. In the battle of No\em- 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV 

ber 25th, Cleburne held Tunnel Hill, and the Confederate 
line extended beyond the Tunnel. Corse's Brigade as- 
saulted from the ravine at the left and effected a lodgment 
on the extreme point; Loomis', Raum's, Matthies', and * 
Bushbeck's Brigades on the line from the north point of 
the Ridge to the Tunnel; and Giles A.. Smith's Brigade, 
assisted hy three regiments of Lightburn's, from the 
ravine to the left of Corse. The Crest Road, which 
terminates just to the left of the Moon House, marks the 
north point of Missionary Ridge. This Park road, con- 
structed on a fifty-foot right of way, extends twenty miles 
to Crawfish Springs. There were no houses at the base in 
1862. The whole of the crest shown in the picture now 
belongs to the Park. 

Missionary Ridge from Orchard Knob 135 

The view is taken from the eastern base of Orchard 
Knob. It takes in that portion of the Ridge which was 
carried November 25th by Baird's and Wood's Divisions, 
and extends on the right slightly over the left of Sheridan's 
Division. The tower at the left is at the De Long Place, 
and marks the point where the center of Baird's Division 
gained the crest. At this point the Government owns be- 
tween five and six acres on the crest. 

Kelly House and Field, Looking East 171 

The La Fayette Road was immediately in front of the 
tree to the left in the foreground, and parallel to the fence. 
On this ground, and in a field directly opposite the house, 
Brannan's Division halted at sunrise, September 19th, in 
its march from Pond Spring, and almost at once proceeded 
northward to the McDonald House and eastward to the 
vicinity of Jay's Mill, where it opened the battle. On 
Sunday, Gen. Reynolds' Division reached from the La 
Fayette Road around the south-east corner of the field. 
Palmer's held the line 150 yards inside the woods to 
about the center of the picture, and Johnson's, the ground 
thence nearly to the left of the picture. There Baird's line 
began and ran around the north-east corner of the field, 
and half way back to the La Fayette Road. 



xvi list of illustraiions. 

Bloody Pond — Widow Glenn's 174- 

This Pond lies on the Crawfish Springs Road a few hun- 
dred yards nortli of Widow Glenn's, which is on the higher 
ground in the woods to the right. It was the only water 
for a considerable distance in either direction, and its 
banks during the battle were covered with wounded men 
and animals. The low line of forest on the right in the 
distance is just bevond and parallel to the La Fayette 
Road. Viniard's is on that road a few hundred yards 
south of the high timber on the right of the picture. Lytle 
Hill- is a short distance to the left of the line of woods at 
the left of the picture. 

Jay's Mill, Looking North-west 180 

The site of tlie steam saw mill is marked by the small 
tablet toward the left. At the time of the battle the field 
did not extend quite to the large cedar in its center. The 
spring which Dan McCook's Brigade of J. D. Morgan's 
Division tried to reach at daj'light is at the loose pile of 
stones in front of the fence. Forrest's Cavalry formed 
parallel to this fence to meet Croxton's Brigade of Bran- 
nan's Division, which was advancing through the woods 
on the left, and came within a few hundred yards of the 
spring. The left brigade of Brannan (Van Derveer's) 
fought on the high ground in the woods west and north 
of the field. Dibbrell's Cavalry Brigade, dismounted, and 
Ector's Infantry Brigade advanced to the attack from the 
line of the spring. At 6 p. M., Cleburne's Division formed 
with its right at the Mill and advanced westward to the 
night attack on Baird's and Johnson's Divisions. 

Snodgrass House — Front View 191 

The Union line was re-formed in front of this house 
after Longstreet had broken it at Brotherton's Sundaj' 
• morning. Gen. Thomas' Headquarters were under the 
crest to the right and rear of it throughout the afternoon. 
Horeshoe Ridge begins a short distance to the left of the 
house. 

Bragg's Headquarters, Missionary Ridge, and Ob- 
servation Tower 196 

The tall poplars at the right mark the site of the small 
house which was Bragg's Headquarters. The steel ob- 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XVll 

servation tower is sevent}' feet to the upper platform. 
There are five of these in the Park. A section of the 
Crest Road shows in the foreground. 

Rear of Snodgrass House — Gen. Thomas' Head- 
quarters 2o5v/ 

The Union left, on Sunday afternoon, September 20th, 
ran on the open crest to the left of the barn, past the 
Snodgrass House, and along the Ridge to the right for 
about a quarter of a mile. Granger's troops arrived from 
the left, passed to the right in front of the fence, and, as- 
cending the Ridge from the rear, carried it, and prolonged 
Thomas's right something over half a mile. Gen. Thomas' 
Headquarters were to the left of and a little below the tree 
in the field at the left. 

Chattanooga and Sherman Heights, from Look- 
out 210 1/ 

Moccasin Point is in the bend of the river to the right. 
The high ground in the citv to the left is Cameron Hill. 
The prominent white building to the right of the center 
of the city is the post-office and custom house. It stands 
a short distance to the left and rear of the site of Fort 
Negley. The faint column of steam near the bend of the 
river to the right is Citico Furnace. The second bend in 
the river marks the point of Sherman Crossing, and the 
first low range seen bevond the first bend above the city 
marks the line of Missionary Ridge near Sherman 
Heights. 

Scaling the Palisades, Daylight, November 25, 

1863 212/ 

The clift' shown in the picture is west of and immedi- 
ately south of the point of the mountain as seen from 
Chattanooga. The ladders to the left, over which soldiers 
are seen climbing, are on a line where a detachment of the 
Eighth Kentucky scaled the cliff at da\'light after Hooker's 
occupation of the Craven House plateau, and at sunrise 
unfurled their flag on the point shown in the illustration 
described in the preceding paragraph. 



XVIU LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Missionary R^idge — Baird's Assault 217V 

The tower on the Ridge stands on the jutting point 
(now De Long place) where Van Derveer's Brigade, the 
center of Baird's Division, scaled the Ridge in the assault 
of the Army of the' Cumberland. Phelps' Brigade as- 
saulted through the ravine to the left, where the ground is 
still more precipitous, and Turchin's Brigade along the 
open slope to the right. The Crest Road of the Park is 
seen at the right, just in front of the houses on the summit. 

Reed's Bridge, Longstreet's Crossing Place 185 V' 

By this bridge, coining from the east (left), the fir5,t Con- 
federate troops, Bushrod Johnson's, with a portion of 
Longstreet's. reached the battle field, Friday afternoon, 
September i8th. The crossing was resisted by Mintv's 
Cavalry Brigade, assisted by troops from Wilder's Bri- 
gade of Mounted Infantry. The bridge is as it was at the 
time of the battle. Alexander's Bridge was a similar 
structure three miles up the stream. The latter was success- 
fully defended by Wilder on the iSth and dismantled but 
restored and used by the Confederates on the 19th and 20th. 

Crawfish Springs— The Old Wheel and Mill 168 

Nearly the whole of the Fourteenth and Twentieth 
Corps of Rosecrans' army filled their canteens at this 
spring, or the stream below it, as they passed during the 
night march of September iSth from McLemore's Cove 
to Kelly's. The road ran upon the high bank a short dis- 
tance back of the spring. The stream from the spring 
was about twenty-five feet wide and six inches deep, and 
the flow rapid. After the battle, it furnished water to a 
large proportion of the wounded of both armies. 

Craven House, Lookout Mountain — Walthall's 

Headquarters 130 

The Craven, or White House, was Gen. Walthall's 
Headquarters at the time of Hooker's assault. Its relative 
position is best shown in the Frontispiece, under the branch 
which hangs below the summit. The palisades range 
from 75 to 150 feet high. The Union flag was un- 
furled at daylight, November 25th, from the top of the 
cliff to the right. The slope is very steep from the foot of 
the palisades and is accurately shown in ihe view of 
Hooker's battle field, page iiS. 




The National Park and its Approaches. 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



CHAPTER I. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PARK. 

The Chickamauga and Chattanooga National MiUtary 
Park consists of two distinct parts, as shown by the map on 
the opposite page, the Park proper, which embraces the 
entire battle field of Chickamauga, and the Approaches. 
The area within the legal limits of the Park is about fifteen 
square miles. The aggregate length of the roads forming 
the Approaches is thirty-six miles, made up as follows : 

MILES. 

Missionarj' Ridge Crest Road from Rossville 8.46 

Crest Road to La Fayette Road i .00 

Rossville to Lookout Mountain 3-3^ 

East base of Lookout to Lookout Creek 2.40 

Rossville to Northern Line of Park 3.00 

Rossville to McFarland s Gap 2.77 

McFarland's Gap to Crawfish Springs 6.23 



Reed's Bridge to Ringgold 6 . 



00 



Crawfish Springs to Glass' Mill - • 7 ^ 

35-91 

Aside from the Approaches, the legal boundaries of the 
Park are these : An east and west line, crossing the La 
Fayette Road at a point about 600 yards north of the Cloud 
House, and extending from the McFarland's Gap road to the 
Chickamauga River, forms the northern boundary. The 

(0 



2 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Chickamauga River bounds it on the east, the road from Lee 
and Gordon's Mill to the Crawfish Springs road is its southern 
limit, and the Crawfish Springs road from the Lee &: Gordon's 
Mill road to McFarland's Gap is its western boundary. 

The Approaches in the vicinity of Chickamauga are mainly 
roads over which the armies reached and left the field. Those 
about Chattanooga lie mainly along lines of battle. Those 
over Lookout cross Hooker's battle field and lie near Wal- 
thall's, while the Crest Road along Missionary Ridge follows 
Bragg's line of battle in front of Gen. Thomas' Army of the 
Cumberland and Gen. Sherman's Army of the Tennessee. 

Nearly all these Approaches, as well as the roads within 
the Park, have been rebuilt by the government in the most 
solid manner. The Crest Road and the La Fayette, or State 
road from Rossville to Lee and Gordon's Mill,' are both con- 
structed on a fifty foot right of way. The drive over this 
magnificent boulevard from Sherman Heights to Glass' Mill, 
which was the Confederate left flank in the battle of Chicka- 
mauga, is twenty miles. The scenery alone, over eight miles 
of its extent, from the northern extremity of Missionary 
Ridge to Rossville, is such as will give the drive a national 
reputation. When to these remarkable charms of valleys, 
city, river, and bold mountains, we add a comprehensive and 
distinct view of the battle fields of Lookout Mountain, 
Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge, this drive becomes 
one that is without parallel. The remaining twelve miles 
of the boulevard run through the center, and touch both 
flanks of the Chickamauga field, and the whole passes through 
or in plain sight of the hot fighting ground of five day's bat- 
tle between great armies. The boulevard, when completed, 
like the other roads and approaches of the Park, will have 
historical tablets or monuments, or both, to illustrate every 
important point of action on each side in these battles. 

The government has acquired the site of Bragg's Head- 
quarters on Missionary Ridge and about three acres sur- 
rounding it. It has also purchased a spur of the Ridge 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PARK. 3 

which juts out toward Chattanooga, opposite the left of the 
line of assauU of the Army of the Cumberland. This tract 
contains five and a half acres, and from it the face of the 
Ridge to a point within a division front of the right of the 
line of assault can be seen. Upon each of these tracts 
stands one of the five observation towers which have been 
erected in the Park. Besides these, the whole of Orchard 
Knob has been acquired. This was the headquarters of 
Gens. Grant, Thomas, and Gordon Granger during the battle 
of Missionary Ridge. It is an isolated knoll about six acres 
in extent and about sixty feet above the plain, standing half 
way between Chattanooga and the Ridge. The Confederate 
works, and those erected after the Union forces captured 
it, are still well defined, and the general appearance of the 
knoll remains unchanged. See note, page 13. 

Except in the growth of timber, the features, of the Chicka- 
mauga field have changed but little since the battle. There 
have been few clearings in the extensive woods where the 
heavy fighting occurred, but several of the fields in these 
forests had grown up with heavy timber, and, in consequence, 
the first studies of the lines were quite puzzling. 

The plan of establishing the Park contemplates a restora- 
tion of the whole field, as near as may be, to its condition 
at the time of the battle. This involves clearing out the 
recent growths of timber and replanting clearings so that 
they may grow up to forest. 

The old roads, which were those of the battle, have been 
re-opened and improved, and roads opened since the battle 
have been closed and abandoned. The only natural feature 
existing at the time of the fight, which has been changed, is 
the cutting out of the underbrush. This was absolutely 
necessary in order to bring the lines of battle into view, and 
to show the topography of the field. As a result of this 
work, carriages can now drive in all directions through the 
great forests and along the various lines of battle. 

Thus far five iron and steel observation towers, each seventv 



4 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

feet to the upper platform, have been erected at prominent 
points of the Park. Three of these are on the Chickamauga 
field, and two on Missionary Ridge. Of the former, one is 
near Hall's Ford, on the ground where Bragg's army first 
formed for battle, one is near Jay's saw-mill, where the battle 
actually began, and the third is on Snodgrass Hill. All the 
towers are in sight of each other, and they thus serve to in- 
dicate the relative positions of the various points of the fields 
of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. The strategy of the 
campaigns and the movements of the battles are readily un- 
derstood by the views afforded from them. 

The plan of marking the lines of battle is to designate them 
both by monuments and historical tablets. The govern- 
ment erects the monuments to the regular regiments and bat- 
teries and the tablets. The erection of monuments to mark 
the positions of volunteer organizations is left to the States. 

The historical tablets are of iron with the lettering cast as 
part of the plate. They are each four feet by three. They 
are of several classes — as, those for army headquarters, corps, 
divisions, and brigades. The first named show the corps which 
make up the armies with their commanders ; the corps tablets 
show the divisions and their commanders ; the division tablets 
show the brigades which compose them and their command- 
ers ; while the brigade tablets carry the organization to the 
individual regiments and batteries and their commanders in 
the battle. There are also staff tablets of uniform size with 
the others giving the names of the respective staff officers. 
The historical tablets each present from 200 to 300 words of 
text setting forth in condensed yet comprehensive form the 
movements at the points where they are erected. Both sides 
have equal attention in the erection of these tablets. The 
only distinctive mark is the letter " U " for Union in the up- 
per right hand corner, and the letter " C " for Confederate. 
Following are specimens of several hundred tablets erected 
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PARK. II 

Besides the large historical tablets, there are guide tablets 
at every crossroads giving distances and direction to the 
l)rominent points of the field, and many locality tablets 
marking the sites of houses and fields which were landmarks 
in the battle, points where prominent officers were wounded, 
and where notable captures of prisoners or guns occurred. 

The fighting positions of all batteries will be marked, as 
they are identified, by guns of the same kind used in the 
battle by the battery, mounted upon cast iron carriages 
painted so as to be an exact representation of the carriage 
of 1 86 1. The Chief of Ordnance, Gen. D. W. Flagler, and 
his assistant, Capt. V. McNally, took every pains to procure 
from the stock of old guns on hand in the various arsenals, 
enough of the kinds used by the thirty-five Union and the 
thirty-nine Confederate batteries engaged, to carry out the 
plan. 

The spots where general officers, or those exercising the 
command of a general officer, were killed or mortally 
wounded, are marked by triangular pyramids of eight inch 
shells, ten feet in height. A tablet on each gives name, 
rank, and army of the officer killed. There were four of 
these on each side, all commanding brigades, namely : Col. 
Philemon P. Baldwin, Col. Hans C. Heg, Col. Edward A. 
King, and Brig. -Gen. William H. Lytle, on the Union side; 
and Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, Brig. -Gen. Ben Hardin Helm, 
Brig. -Gen. James Deshler, and Brig. -Gen. Preston Smith, on 
the Confederate. 

The lines of the rude works used by each side in various 
parts of the field have been found and are to be restored. 

All the lines of each day's battle are being marked. As a 
rule, the regimental monuments are erected where the repre- 
sentatives of the regiments think the organizations made the 
most notable record. Other positions are then to be desig- 
nated by granite markers. Those adopted by the Ohio Com- 
mission, the first to erect them, are fifteen inches square, and 
three feet high, one face being polished to receive the desig- 



12 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARIC. 

nation of the organization, and the day and time it occupied 
the position. 

It will thus be seen that the field is being thoroughly 
marked, and that not only general movements, but those of 
every regiment and battery can be followed through the 
battle, and that the Park, when fully established, will be a 
most complete object lesson in war. 

Tabk of Distances. 

MILES. 

Chattanooga to Rossville 4.00 

" Cloud House 7 . -o 

" Kelly's '^•54 

" Viniard's 10.52 

'■ Lee and Gordon's Mill 12.04 

" Snodgrass House 9-94 

" Crawfish Springs via Lee and Gordon's. 14. 01 

" La Fayette -5 --9 

Rossville to McFarland's Gap - -77 

Rossville via McFarland's Gap to Widow Glenn's. . . 6.00 
" " Crawfish Springs. 9.00 

Rossville to Kelly's 4-54 

" Bragg's Headquarters, Missionary Ridge 3. So 

" De Long's place (Tower) 5-5° 

" Tunnel 7 .82 

" North end Missionary Ridge S.46 

" West foot of Lookout Z-2>2> 

" Lookout Creek 5-73 

Crawfish Springs to Glass' Mill 2.75 

" " Widow Glenn's 3- 00 

" " Lee and Gordon's Mill i -97 

Ringgold to Reed's Bridge 6.25 

Distances on the Chickamauga Field: 

Clouds' to McDaniel's 1^2 

McDaniel's to Kelly's 82 

Kelly's to Poe's 72 

Poe's to Brotherton's 24 

Brotherton's to Viniard's 1.02 

Viniard's to Lee and Gordon's Mill 1.52 

Lee and Gordon's to La Fayette '3-25 



GENERAL DESCR IP'JION OF THE PARK. I3 

Lee and Gordon's to Crawfish Springs Road 97 

I>eP and Gordon's to Crawfish Springs i .97 

McDonald's to Reed's Bridge 2 . 50 

" Jav'sMill.. 2.12 

Kell3''s to " 2 .OQ 

Brotherton's to " 2 .00 

Viniard's to Hall's Ford i .09 

Jav's Mill 2. So 

" Alexander's Bridge 2.45 

Alexander's Bridge to Jay's Mill.- i .55 

" " McDonald's 3.15 

McDonald's to McFarland's Gap 2.25 

Snodgrass Mill to " '' 2.45 

Hall's Ford to Jay's Mill 2. So 

Widow Glenn's to Kelly's 2.00 

Kelly's to Snodgrass House 62 

Brotherton's to Snodgrass House ^ -30 

. McDonald's to " " 1.34 

Note. — Since the plates for this chapter were electrotyped the 
Park Commission has purchased 44 acres at the north end of Mis- 
sionary Ridge, including the Tunnel Hill position defended by Gen. 
Hardee, and the points assaulted by the Army of the Tennessee un- 
der Gen. Sherman. 



^wr~^ 




TiiKATKR or THE Campaign for Chattanooga. 



THE CHICK AMAUGA CAMPAIGN. I 5 



CHAPTER II. 

THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN GEN. ROSECRANS' STRATEGY. 

To understand the full value and significance of the mili- 
tary history preserved at the National Park, a study of the 
campaigns and battles which occurred in and about it be- 
comes necessary. 

At the opening of the Chickamauga campaign, the objec- 
tive of which was Chattanooga, Gen. Rosecrans' army lay 
along the western base of the Cumberland Mountains, while 
Gen. Bragg's forces held Chattanooga, the south bank of the 
Tennessee, and the mountain passes above and below the 
city. 

The Union army was composed of three corps of infantry : 
the Fourteenth, Maj. -Gen. George H. Thomas; the Twen- 
tieth, Maj.-Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden; and the Twenty- 
first, Maj. -Gen. Alexander McD. McCook; and one corps 
of cavalry, Maj. -Gen. David S. Stanley, Chief of Cavalry, 
Army of the Cumberland. 

The Confederate army consisted of three corps of infan- 
try : Polk's Corps, Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas Polk ; Hill's Corps, 
Lieut. -Gen. Daniel H. Hill; and Buckner's Corps, Maj. -Gen. 
Simon Bolivar Buckner; and two corps of cavalry: Forrest's 
Corps, Brig. -Gen. Nathan B. Forrest; and Wheeler's Corps, 
Maj. -Gen. Joseph Wheeler. Before Bragg's withdrawal 
from Chattanooga, he was reinforced by Walker's Corps, 
mainly from Mississippi ; and at the battle of Chickamauga, 
by Longstreet's Corps, from Virginia. 

Gen. Rosecrans' Headquarters were at Winchester, where 
the Twentieth Corps was established. The Fourteenth 
Corps was at Decherd, and the Twenty-first Corps at 



l6 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

McMinnville. The Union army was 113 miles from its 
secondary base at Nashville. The Tullahoma campaign, by 
which Bragg had been forced out of Central Tennessee by a 
campaign of strategy involving a loss to the Union army of 
only 570 killed and wounded, ended July 4, 1863. The or- 
der of that day, halting the army, contained directions to 
immediately prepare for a forward campaign. The most 
vigorous efforts to that end continued day and night unre- 
mittingly until August 1 6th, when the Chickamauga cam- 
paign began. 

Gen. Rosecrans had decided to make an imposing feint on 
his left, by throwing Crittenden's Corps over the Cumberland 
Mountains and Walden's Ridge into the Tennessee Valley, 
opposite and above Chattanooga, to create the belief that he 
intended to attack the city from that direction, while he threw 
the main body of his army over the river in the vicinity of 
Bridgeport, thirty-five miles below the city, and thence in 
succession over the Raccoon Mountains and the Lookout 
Range into the rear of Chattanooga, whence he could ad- 
vance upon the city, and either shut Bragg up in it, or com- 
pel him to come out of it to protect his lines of communica- 
tion. 

The success of such a diversion was rendered the more 
probable from the fact that any movement in that direction 
would naturally be construed to indicate a purpose to effect a 
junction with Gen. Burnside's forces, which were then ad- 
vancing from Kentucky toward East Tennessee. 

The map will disclose both the strength of Gen. Bragg's 
position, and the serious character of the natural obstacles to 
military movements which lay in Gen. Rosecrans' path. 

He must first cross the Cumberland Mountains, having a 
general elevation of 2,200 feet. These, and all the other 
ranges in his path, were very steep and rugged, and devoid 
of roads that were more than mountain trails, and their 
summits at all points terminated in palisades of formidable 
proportions. Next, for the main body of the army, came 



THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN. 1 7 

the Tennessee River, a deep stream, 1,254 feet wide at 
Caperton's and 2,700 feet at Bridgeport, where the bridges 
for crossing it were to be thrown. Crittenden's Corps, 
which was the diverting column on the north side of the 
river, after crossing the Cumberlands, had still to cross the 
precipitous range of Walden's Ridge, 1,300 feet high, before 
it could reach the Tennessee above Chattanooga. 

South of the Tennessee, before the main body, rose Rac- 
coon Mountains, and beyond them the formidable Lookout 
Range. Both had the same general altitude of the Cumber- 
lands, namely, 2,200 feet. The Cumberlands averaged 
about thirty miles in width on the roads traveled, Walden's 
Ridge about fifteen. Raccoon Mountains about twenty, and 
Lookout about fifteen. 

The campaign involved cutting loose from the base at 
Stevenson, carrying twenty-five days' rations and ammuni- 
tion sufficient for two battles, crossing a wide river with most 
inadequate facilities into the enemy's country, and throwing 
an army over two precipitous and exceedingly difficult 
mountain ranges into the rear of Chattanooga. 

The campaign for Chattanooga opened August i6th. 
Crittenden's Corps moved from Hillsboro, Manchester, and 
McMinnville for the Tennessee Valley above Chattanooga. 
Minty's cavalry operated on the extreme left through Sparta 
and Pikeville, and pushed a force of the enemy's cavalry 
under Gen. Dibrell across the river at Kingston. Minty 
then proceeded to make most energetic commotion along the 
river for thirty miles above Blythe's Ferry. Crittenden, who 
had occupied the Sequatchee Valley with Wood's Division at 
Anderson, Palmer's at Dunlap, and Van Cieve's at Pikeville, 
threw Hazen's Brigade of Palmer's Division, and Wagner's of 
Wood's, over Walden's Ridge into the Tennessee Valley, where 
Wilder's Brigade of mounted infantry of Reynolds' Division 
of the Fourteenth Corps joined them. Tents were pitched 
for many miles along the edge of the escarpment of the 
ridge, and fires lighted nightly along the crest. Bugles were 



l8 THE NATIONAL MIMIARV PARK. 

blown at evening and morning near all fords for a long dis- 
tance up the river, ends of boards and timbers were sawed off 
and allowed to float out of the larger streams, to create the 
impression that bridges were under construction. A few 
batteries, by continuous circling from the forests through open 
spaces visible from the enemy's side of the river, strengthened 
the idea of an army moving to occupy the other side. On 
August 2 1 St, Wilder's Brigade appeared on Stringer's Ridge, 
within easy range of the city, and opened fire upon it with 
his battery. 

The diversion proved entirely successful. Bragg was com- 
pletely deceived. He withdrew from below the city his only 
infantry brigade, which was watching the river at Bridgeport, 
and sent his forces up the river to fortify and defend its cross- 
ings against Rosecrans, and Buckner's Corps was ordered 
toward these positions from East Tennessee. 

Meantime the Fourteenth and Twenty-first Corps, and the 
cavalry, had crossed the Cumberlands to the Tennessee, await- 
ing the full development of Crittenden's diversion. Reynolds' 
and Brannan's Divisions were at the mouth of Battle Creek, 
Baird and Negley near Bridgeport, McCook's Corps near 
Stevenson, with the cavalry on its right below that point. 
The train which brought the bridge to be thrown at Caper- 
ton's was halted in the forest out of sight where the troops 
that were to lay it practiced in their work. The cavalry was 
extended well into the plain country below. The front of 
Rosecrans' movement as it reached the Tennessee Valley was 
150 miles, and no mistake or delay had attended any part of it. 

At daybreak, August 29th, fifty boats, each with a capacity 
for fifty men, were rushed across the open fields back of 
Caperton's, launched, and rapidly rowed to the south bank of 
the Tennessee, the small cavalry ])icket of the enemy driven 
off, and the bridge promptly laid without opposition. Davis' 
Division crossed and camped at the foot of Raccoon Mount- 
ains. September 2d he had crossed this range with John- 
son's Division following, and two days later he had seized the 



THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN. I9 

pass at Winston's over Lookout Mountain, forty-two miles 
south of Chattanooga. The same day Stanley's cavalry 
crossed Lookout, and on the 5th descended into Broomtown 
Valley. Sheridan had thrown pontoons at Bridgeport, 
crossed, and followed to Valley Head. 

Negley's Division of Thomas' Corps crossed with McCook, 
and Baird's with Sheridan. Brannan and Reynolds crossed 
August 31st at Battle Creek and Shellmound, chiefly on rafts 
and in canoes, while such of th-e men as could swim made 
light rafts of rails to hold part of their clothes and equip- 
ments and swam over. The moment the crossing of the 
main force was effected, Crittenden withdrew that part of his 
column in the Sequatchee Valley to Battle Creek, and crossed 
September 3d and 4th with the rafts and canoes used by 
Brannan and Reynolds. 

The head of Thomas' Corps was over Lookout September 
8th, crossing twenty-six miles south of Chattanooga by John- 
son's Crook to Stevens' Gap, and Crittenden was nearing 
Wauhatchie, September 6th. 

September 7th Bragg evacuated Chattanooga, and set all 
his columns from the city and the valley of the river above 
it in motion toward La Fayette behind Pigeon Mountains. 

Of the Union troops in the Tennessee Valley, Wilder's 
Brigade crossed the river at Friar's Island September 8th, fol- 
lowed by Hazen's Brigade at the same crossing on the loth, 
while Wagner's Brigade crossed directly into the city on the 
afternoon of the 9th. 

Crittenden on the 9th had pushed a small force to the top 
of Lookout, and discovered that Bragg had left Chattanooga. 
The remainder of Woods' Division, preceded by the Ninety- 
second Illinois Mounted Infantry of Wilder's Brigade — Col. 
Smith D. Atkins commanding — marched into the city, while 
Palmer's and Van Cleve's Divisions passed around the north 
point of Lookout, and, leaving Chattanooga three miles to 
the left, followed after Bragg, and camped at night in Ross- 
ville Gap. The first Union troops to enter Chattanooga were 



20 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

those of the Ninety-second Illinois. Wagner's followed im- 
mediately from the north side of the river. 

Thus, in three weeks, Rosecrans had repeated his Tulla- 
homa campaign on a greater scale, through a well-nigh barren 
country, crowded with military obstacles of the most for- 
midable character, and compelled the enemy to evacuate 
its mountain stronghold. This, too, had been accomplished 
with a total loss of less than loo men, most of this occurring 
in the cavalry operations, and^mainly in Minty's command. 

Upon leaving Chattanooga, Polk's and Hill's Corps marched 
by Rossville and Lee and Gordon's Mill to La Fayette, reach- 
ing the latter point on the 8th. Walker's and Buckner's Corps 
withdrew from Tyner's Station and points on the river above 
it, by way of Graysville, toward La Fayette, while the forces 
at Hiwassee and Chickamauga Station moved by way of 
Ringgold. Cleburne's Division was thrown forward into 
the gaps of Pigeon Mountain. Gen. Bragg had not moved 
his headquarters beyond Lee and Gordon's, and on the night 
of the 9th he issued orders for an advance of Hindman's and 
Cleburne's Divisions to begin at midnight against the head of 
Gen. Thomas' column, which had reached Davis' Cross-roads 
from Stevens' Gap. 



BRAGG IN McLEMORE S COVE. 



CHAPTER III. 

BRAGG IN McLEMORE's COVE — ROSECRANS' CONCENTRATION. 

The generalship of Bragg in withdrawing from Chattanooga 
was speedily developed. The strategy of Rosecrans had 
compelled the abandonment of the city, but the method of 
executing it gave promise of serious work for the Union 
forces. With his main body at La Fayette, and his right 
behind the point of Pigeon Mountain, a few miles south of 
Lee and Gordon's Mill, Bragg looked out through Blue Bird, 
Dug. and Catlett's Claps directly upon the head of Rosecrans' 
center column, then descending Lookout at Stevens' Gap. 
It was twenty miles to Crittenden's Corps at Rossville, while 
McCook's Corps, in the vicinity of Alpine and Summerville, 
was altogether beyond supporting distance. Crook's Cavalry 
Division with this column had pushed to within three miles 
of La Fayette. As has been heretofore noted, the positions 
of the only roads, or rather trails, over Lookout, practicable 
for an army, compelled this separation of the several corps 
while crossing. 

At midnight of September 9th, Bragg ordered Hindman's 
Division, then at I^ee and Gordon's Mill, to march at day- 
light to Davis' Cross-roads, at the intersection of the road 
from La Fayette through Dug Gap to Stevens' Gap. Gen. 
Hill was at the same time ordered to send Cleburne's Division, 
then in the gaps in front of La Fayette, to make a junction 
with Hindman at the cross-roads, and both were to attack 
the troops of Gen. Thomas, then advancing from Stevens' 
Gap. 

Had these orders been promptly and vigorously executed, 
Negley's Division would have been met at that point, and in 




Movements in McLemore's Cove. 



BRAGG IN McLEMORE S COVE. 23 

all probability overwhelmed, since his nearest support, 
Baird's Division, only succeeded after a very hard day's 
work in reaching the foot of the mountain at lo p. m. of the 
loth. 

But Hill sent word that the gaps had been so obstructed 
by felled timbers that they could not be cleared in less than 
twenty-four hours. Bragg then, at lo o'clock of September 
loth, ordered Buckner's Corps of two divisions to follow 
Hindman and attack with him. Hindman, however, halted 
his command at Morgan's, three miles north of Davis' Cross 
Roads, and Buckner joined him there on the afternoon of 
the loth, the united column being in the immediate vicinity 
of Negley, who was isolated. To hasten the attack on the 
Union center. Gen. Bragg moved his headquarters to La 
Fayette, reaching there in person at midnight of the loth, 
and at once directing Walker's Corps to join Cleburne's Di- 
vision at Dug Gap and unite in the attack. At daylight of 
the nth, Bragg himself proceeded to Cleburne's position. 
The day was spent till the middle of the afternoon in listen- 
ing for Hindman's expected attack. Meantime, at 8 o'clock 
in the morning of the nth. Gen. Baird's Division had joined 
Negley's at the cross-roads. Repeated orders from Bragg to 
Hindman's column to move forward did not secure an attack 
until the middle of the afternoon. Gen. Hindman was 
aAvaiting co-operation from Gen. Hill, and deemed the force 
reported in front of him too strong for his column. Under 
the skillful assistance of Gen. Baird, and the sagacious dis- 
positions of Gen. Negley, their divisions were extricated 
after sharp fighting, and withdrew' to the base of Lookout. 
The speedy arrival of Brannan's and Reynolds' Divisions 
rendered the Union center secure. 

Gen. Bragg, deeply disappointed at the failure of his pro- 
jected attack upon the Union center, turned promptly toward 
Crittenden's Corps, the Union left. Polk's and Walker's 
Corps were withdrawn to La Fayette, and moved immedi- 
ately toward Lee and Gordon's Mill. At this time, Critten- 



24 THE NATIONAL MII^ITARY PARK. 

den's Corps was divided, one division having been sent to 
Ringgold. On the evening of September 12th, Polk was di- 
rected to attack Crittenden at daylight of the 13th. At mid- 
night of the 1 2th, Polk dispatched that he had taken a strong 
defensive position, and asked for reinforcements. He was 
informed that his force exceeded the enemy's, and again or- 
dered to attack at daylight. In addition, he was notified 
that Buckner's Corps would early be moved within support- 
ing distance. Promptly on the 13th, Gen. Bragg rode to 
the front, to find that no attack had been made on Critten- 
ten, and that the latter had united his forces, recrossed the 
Chickamauga, and taken a strong position at Lee and Gor- 
don's Mill. This result caused another keen disappointment 
to Gen. Bragg, but reinforcements having arrived from Mis- 
sissippi and Virginia, he promptly decided to move down the 
Chickamauga to points well below Crittenden's position, cross 
the river, interpose between Rosecrans and Chattanooga, and 
attack Crittenden at Lee and Gordon's. This latter corps 
was then the left of Rosecrans, and Bragg's plan was to 
drive it back upon the Union center, which was still in 
McLemore's Cove in front of Stevens' Gap, and force the 
Union army into the mountains. 

When Gen. Rosecrans discovered, September nth, that 
the Confederate rear guard had not moved south of Lee and 
Gordon's, and that Bragg's left was firmly established near 
that point, he saw that the latter was concentrating for bat- 
tle. He therefore abandoned his offensive movements against 
Bragg which had been in progress upon the theory that he 
was retreating to Rome, and began most active work to con- 
centrate his own army between Bragg and Chattanooga. As 
he declared in his official report, it had become a matter of 
life and death to accomplish this. On this day, September 
nth, when the supreme effort of his campaign began, he re- 
ceived a telegram from Gen. Halleck at Washington saying 
that it was there reported that a portion of Bragg's army was 
reinforcing Lee, and that it was important to ascertain the 



BRAGG IN McLEMORE S COVE. 25 

truth of the report. He was also informed that no troops 
had left the Army of Northern Virginia for the West. As a 
matter of fact, Longstreet's Corps had been for four days on 
its way South, and was nearing its junction with Bragg. 

Crittenden's great activity east of the Chickamauga, and 
in the vicinity of Ringgold, where he was aided by Wilder's 
and Minty's mounted force fresh from their feint on the north 
side of the Tennessee, had enabled him to concentrate his 
corps at Lee and Gordon's. Thomas stretched toward him 
from Stevens' Gap, holding on to the latter point while 
awaiting the arrival of McCook's Corps, which Rosecrans 
had ordered to withdraw to Lookout Mountain, and move in 
haste along its top to Stevens' Gap. McCook, not being 
able to assure himself that there was a practicable road on 
the summit of the mountain, felt more confident of effecting a 
prompt junction with Thomas by recrossing Lookout to its 
western base, and taking the road which he knew thence 
to Stevens' Gap. After crossing the mountain, he heard 
of a good road along the top, and directed Davis' and 
Johnson's Divisions to reascend and move in haste to Ste- 
vens' Gap. These additional crossings of Lookout delayed 
the junction with Gen. Thomas until dusk of the i6th. 
Stanley's Cavalry Corps, now under the command of Gen. 
R. B. Mitchell, Stanley being sick, came into McLemore's 
Cove through Dougherty's Gap simultaneously with McCook's 
Corps. Meantime Crittenden had been moved toward Thomas, 
and put in strong position on the southern spur of Missionary 
Ridge to await the arrival of McCook. On the 17th Thomas 
moved toward Crittenden, and on the evening of that day 
the three corps of Rosecrans' army were within supporting 
distance. 

On the night of the 17th Bragg issued the following order 
for crossing his army over the Chickamauga, turning up the 
stream on the opposite side, and attacking at Lee and Gor- 
don's, the movement to begin at sunrise : 



26 the national military fark. 

Headquarters Army of the Tennessee. 
In the Field, Leet's Tan Yard, Septembe?- i8, 1863. 

1. Johnson's column (Hood's) on crossing at or near Reed's 
Bridge will turn to the left by the most practicable route, and 
sweep up the Chickamauga toward Lee and Gordon's Mill. 

2. Walker, crossing at Alexander's Bridge, will unite in 
this move, and push vigorously on the enemy's flank and rear 
in the same direction. 

3. Buckner, crossing at Thedford's Ford, will join in the 
movement to the left, and press the enemy up the stream 
from Polk's front at Lee and Gordon's Mill. 

4. Polk will press his forces to the front of Lee and Gor- 
don's Mill, and if met by too much resistance to cross, will 
bear to the right and cross at Dalton's Ford, or at Thedford's, 
as may be necessary, and join in the attack wherever the en- 
emy may be. 

5. Hill will cover our left flank from an advance of the 
enemy from the Cove, and by pressing the cavalry in his 
front, ascertain if the enemy is re-inforcing at Lee and Gor- 
don's Mill, in which event he will attack them in flank. 

6. Wheeler's Cavalry will hold the gaps in Pigeon Moun- 
tain and cover our rear and left, and bring up stragglers. 

7. All teams, etc., not with troops should go toward Ring- 
gold and Dalton, beyond Taylor's Ridge. All cooking 
should be done at the trains. Rations, when cooked, will 
be forwarded to the troops. 

8. The above movements will be executed with the utmost 
promptness, vigor, and persistence. 

By command of Gen. Bragg. 

George Wm. Brent, 

Assistant Adjutant- General. 

The narrow roads and the stubborn resistance of Minty's 
Cavalry Brigade from Pea Vine Creek to Reed's Bridge, and 
of Wilder's Mounted Brigade at Alexander's Bridge, also at 



ROSECRANS' CONCENTRATION. 27 

K-Ced's, in aiding Minty, so delayed Bragg's columns that no 
general attack was possible on the i8th. 

On the night of that day, Crittenden's Corps was returned 
to Lee and Gordon's Mill, and took position along the La 
Fayette Road facing east toward Bragg's advance. During 
the same night, the main body of the Confederate army com- 
pleted its crossing, and early on the 19th formed in line of 
battle confronting Crittenden, and at 7 o'clock stood ready 
to deliver its attack. Five divisions were thus formed, and 
two others were moving into position to drive Rosecrans' left 
back into McLemore's Cove upon his center and right, which 
were still supposed to be in the vicinity of Pond Spring and 
Stevens' Gap. Three brigades of Forrest's Cavalry had 
been sent at daylight from Alexander's House to Jay's Mill 
to guard Bragg's right and rear against Gordon Granger's 
forces further down the Chickamauga and in the vicinity of 
McAfee's Church. 

Suddenly and unexpectedly, just as the Confederate lines 
of battle were about to advance on Crittenden's position, 
furious fighting broke out at Jay's Mill, two miles to Bragg's 
right and rear. The cause was not understood. Gen. For- 
rest soon appeared asking for infantry. The nearest brigade 
(Wilson's) was given him. Shortly after, he asked for and 
received another (Ector's). Then Walker's Division was 
dispatched as the resounding battle increased in intensity. 
Next, Bragg's reserve (Cheatham's Division) was hurried to 
the left, and soon after Stewart's Division was sent forward 
to assist this reserve. Bragg's plan of battle had been re- 
placed by these unexpected movements which the emergency 
demanded. The explanation of the changed conditions is 
simple. 

During the night Rosecrans had inverted his army, and 
soon after sunrise, Crittenden's Corps, which was the left at 
sundown, had become the right ; Thomas, with the head of 
his column near Reed's Bridge, the left; and the Union 
army was between Bragg and Chattanooga. 



28 THE NATIONAL MIl.UARY PARK. 

Toward evening of the i8th, Thomas' Corps had left Pond 
Spring, followed by McCook's, moving toward Crittenden. 
As soon as dusk obscured the columns, they were pressed 
rapidly to the left. Upon reaching Crawfish Springs, Neg- 
ley's Division was__turned off to Glass' Mill to guard the flank 
of the movement, and Thomas with his three remaining di- 
visions pushed on all night by way of Widow (ilenn's to the 
La Fayette Road at the Kelly Farm. Here Baird's Division 
took position at daylight, while Brannan's, at sunrise, with- 
out taking time for breakfast, moved rapidly northward to 
McDonald's, then turned eastward toward Reed's Bridge, 
struck Forrest at Jay's Mill, at half after 7 o'clock, immedi- 
ately became hotly engaged and opened the battle of Chick- 
amauga. With Rosecrans between Bragg and Chattanooga, 
the dawning struggle resolved itself into a direct battle for 
that city. 



BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA FIRST DAY. 29 



CHAPTER IV. 

BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA FIRST DAY, SATURDAY, SEPTEM- 
BER 19, 1863. 

Before considering the movements of the opposing forces, 
it is well to remember that at the time of the battle, a num- 
ber of the present fields were woods. 

Beginning on the La P'ayette Road at McDonald's, the 
present field east of that and north of the Ringgold Road 
was partially in forest. 

The clearing on the east side of the road south of Brother- 
ton's and north of Viniard's was thick woods. 

The grove in the field directly east of Viniard's was dense, 
and extended from the present eastern limit to a point on 
the La Fayette Road opposite the house. There was also a 
strip of timber along the west of the road in the vicinity of 
the Heg Monument. 

The tract, a quarter of a mile south of Viniard's and east 
of the road, was open forest, as was part of the fields on the 
west side near Lee and Gordon's Mill. 

The northern portion of the Dyer field, about the old black- 
smith shop, and the slope above it and north to the foot of 
the crest upon which Harker fought, was woods. The point 
of woods which surrounds the Snodgrass well at the foot of 
the latter crest extended with its present width to the forest 
east of it. 

The Bloody Pond was surrounded with forest which ex- 
tended eastward to a line running from the Widow Glenn s 
to the point of the woods which project into the present field 
south-east of Lytle Hill. 

Riding eastward on the Brotherton-Jay's Mill Road, after 



BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA FIRST DAY. 3 I 

passing the Brock field on the right, the growth of young 
trees on the left marks an area which was slashed timber. The 
present clearing beyond it through which the road passes was 
mostly woods, as was a considerable portion of the fields 
north of the Winfrey House in the vicinity of the shell 
monument to Baldwin. The field back of this pyramid was 
in woods, and a considerable part of that in front of it, while 
to .the right of the road the clearing extended only to the line 
of the present fence running from a point near the Reed 
House (Winfrey's) parallel to the road. 

The next long field entered in riding toward Jay's Mill was 
all forest. 

The extensive field adjoining the site of Jay's Mill was 
woods beyond a point two hundred yards or so from the mill. 

Most of the open ground to the left of the road, riding 
from Jay's Mill to Alexander's, was timber, and a consider- 
able part to the right of it. 

The first division of Confederate troops to arrive on 
the battle field was Bushrod Johnson's. His column con- 
sisted of his own three brigades, and that of Robertson of 
Hood's Division temporarily serving with them, three bat- 
teries, Forrest and his cavalry escort, and eight pieces of the 
reserve artillery. Gen. Johnson left Ringgold early in the 
morning of the i8th, and encountered Minty's Cavalry 
Brigade at Pea Vine Creek three miles east of Reed's Bridge 
about noon. By the stubborn resistance of Minty, aided at last 
by a part of Wilder's Mounted Brigade of Infantry, Johnson 
was delayed in crossing until 3 p. m., and his line did not 
reach Jay's Mill until 4 o'clock. Here Gen. Hood arrived 
and took command. The column then moved toward Lee 
and Gordon's. Both Minty and Wilder retired from Alex- 
ander's before it to the crest next east of the Viniard field, 
where Wilder bivouacked in close contact with Hood's force. 

Walthall's Brigade of Liddell's Division, in attempting to 
force a crossing at Alexander's Bridge on the afternoon of the 
iSth in the face of Wilder's Brigade, lost 105 men in captur- 



32 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

ing the bridge, only to find that Wilder's men had dismantled 
it under fire and rendered it useless. Liddell's troops then 
moved down the river a rrfile, crossed at Byram's Ford, and, 
following Hood's column, bivouacked about three-quarters 
of a mile west of Alexander's. During the night of the i8th, 
and the early morning of the 19th, the divisions of Stewart, 
Preston, Cheatham, and Walker, and the remainder of 
Hood's Division, crossed the river and were formed for battle 
about 7 o'clock. 

The forests effectually concealed the movements of each 
army from the other. At the hour just named they were 
thus disposed upon the field. Buckner's Corps of Stewart's 
and Preston's Divisions was on the left of Bragg's line near 
Hall's Ford, at the present observation tower. Bushrod 
Johnson's Division was in the center, and Hood's (McLaw's) 
Division on its right. Cheatham's Division was the reserve, 
and Walker's Corps, of Liddell's and Walker's Divisions, was 
coming up from the rear to take its place on the right of the 
front line. The columns faced the La Fayette Road, a 
thousand yards distant, and were formed to attack Critten- 
den's Corps, whose three divisions lay along the west side of 
that road with the right of their line at Lee and Gordon's 
Mill. Forrest's Cavalry was near Jay's Mill. At that hour 
Crittenden was supposed by Bragg to be the left of Rose- 
crans' army. 

But Thomas' and McCook's Corps, the former leading, had 
been marching the entire night from McLemore's Cove along 
the Crawfish Springs Road toward its junction with the l>a 
Fayette Road at Kelly's Farm. At 7 o'clock, Brannan's Di- 
vision had passed this point as far as McDonald's, and, turn- 
ing there to the right, had reached the vicinity of Jay's Mill 
in close proximity to Forrest's Cavalry, then in fine at the 
latter point. 

Baird's Division was formed between Kelly's and Poe's, 
facing east, ready to support Brannan. Steedman's Division 
of Granger's Corps, which had bivouacked near Jay's Mill, 



34 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

and skirmished there with Forrest's picket hne at daylight, 
was being withdrawn to Rossville. Reynolds' Division was 
following after Thomas' column on the Crawfish Springs 
Road, and McCook's Corps had reached the vicinity of 
Crawfish Springs. Negley's Division of Thomas' Corps was 
near Glass' Mill, confronting Breckinridge's Division on the 
opposite bank. 

At 7:30 A. M., Croxton's Brigade, the right of Brannan's 
Division, struck Forrest close to Jay's Mill, and was at once 
sharply engaged. A half-hour later, Van Derveer's Brigade, 
on the. left and rear of Croxton, moved rapidly forward, and 
the fighting became severe along the lines of both brigades. 
Connell's Brigade supported these on the front line. Thus 
opened the battle of Chickamauga, two miles and a half 
to the right and rear of the ground on which Bragg had ex- 
pected to deliver it. 

Nearly at the same hour, J. Beatty's and Stanley's Brigades 
of Negley's Division were engaged with Helm's Brigade of 
Breckinridge's Division at Glass' Mill, on the Confederate 
left, nine miles distant. This was mainly an artillery con- 
test. It lasted till about 11 o'clock, when both sides were 
withdrawn, and started for the center of battle. 

Forrest's troops fought dismounted, and with' such regular 
lines that those opposed to them supposed they were engaged 
with infantry. The battle had opened with that desperation 
on both sides which characterized it throughout. Forrest 
soon went in person for support. Wilson's Infantry Brigade 
of Walker's Division was found near Alexander's and rushed 
forward. It came into action on Croxton's right flank, and 
his line was faced south to meet it. Forrest's right was soon 
struck by Van Derveer's advance, and Forrest went for more 
infantry. He found Ector's Brigade of Walker's Division 
west of Alexander's and hurried it to Van Derveer's front. 
Before infantry support arrived, the cavalry had lost over a 
quarter of those engaged. Croxton and Wilson fought 
fiercely, and with varying success. Van Derveer cleared 



BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA FIRST DAY. 35 

his front. Baird's Division marched eastward from Kelly's, 
King's Brigade relieved Croxton, and Scribner, on its right, 
was on the flank of Wilson. Walthall and Govan were dis- 
patched from the right rear of Bragg's morning line toward 
the increasing battle. Walthall, forming with his right at 
the old shop near Alexander's, with Govan on his left, swept 
to the east of the Winfrey House, over the left of Scribner. 
Govan struck the right of that brigade, captured its battery, 
and forced it to the rear. Walthall, pushing to the next 
ridge north, dispersed King's Brigade of Regulars, took its 
guns, and drove its shattered lines north and west over Van 
Derveer's Brigade, and was there checked and repulsed. 
The Ninth Ohio Infantry charged from Van Derveer's right 
and recaptured the regular battery. Govan, pushing on, 
was taken in flank by Croxton, who was again advancing, 
and both Govan and Walthall retired in haste to their right, 
and formed behind Cheatham's advancing line. Bragg's 
whole morning formation was dissolving, turning northward, 
and being fast drawn into the swirling vortex. Cheatham's 
Division had five brigades. It had been the main reserve of 
the early array. With three brigades on its first line and two 
on its second, it moved into action with the front of a mile. 
Its right was near Winfrey's. Its advance swept back Stark- 
weather's Brigade of Baird, and struck Croxton, who was fol- 
owing Govan, from the field. Cheatham's center was in the 
Brock Field, its left west of it and within 400 yards of the 
La Fayette Road. 

Upon the long, low ridge north of Cheatham's right, it en- 
countered Johnson's Division of McCook's Corps, which had 
been ordered to Thomas. After two hours' bitter fighting, 
in which Cheatham's second line advanced and relieved the 
first, his right and right center were driven back until they 
rested on the high ground beyond Winfrey's. Palmer's Di- 
vision, sent in haste, without orders, by Crittenden, from 
Lee and Gordon's Mill to Thomas, had marched up the La 
Fayette Road to the Poe House, hastily formed its brigades 



36 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

in echelons and moved south-east toward the Brock Field. 
A few minutes after noon, it was heavily engaged with 
Cheatham's advancing left. Hazen's, Palmer's left brigade, 
was in touch with Johnson's right, and fought in the Brock 
Field against Cheatham's line, which it pushed back into the 
woods east of it. Cruft's Brigade was on the west line of 
the field, and Grose's still further to the right. This whole 
great field and its vicinity was a seething arena of battle. 

On the extreme left, Van Derveer was closing the fight in 
that quarter by rapid and desperate work. Connell's Brigade 
of Baird had first assisted Croxton, and, at the vital moment, 
came with two regiments and a full battery to Van Derveer. 
Forrest, moving under cover of the woods, had formed in four 
lines under the crest north of Van Derveer's left. But this 
watchful officer discovered these at the moment when the move- 
had nearly achieved success. Changing direction on a run, and 
with his own and Connell's Battery (Church's First Michigan) 
on a gallop, the brigade whirled northward to the crest 
toward which Forrest's lines were charging. It was almost a 
hand-to-hand struggle. There were ten guns near the center 
of Van Derveer's line. He caused his left to fall back 
slowly, fighting heavily, until the batteries opened with 
double-shotted canister, at only forty paces, with almost an 
enfilading fire, through Forrest's lines. Even under this 
these staggered forward into the very flame of the rifles, and 
with this supreme effort of valor against lines which did not 
flinch, they abandoned the contest. It was one o'clock, and 
the battle on the left had ended. Forrest withdrew to the 
vicinity of Jay's Mill to reorganize, and Walker reformed 
behind Cheatham. About the middle of the afternoon, 
^Valthall and Govan were again in action for a short time. 

At 3 o'clock Johnson had established his lines as far for- 
ward as the Winfrey House, and was unmolested until dusk. 
Reynolds reached the Poe House with his division at i o'clock, 
and sent Turchin to Palmer's left, and Edward King to aid 
his right. The left of Cheatham had been pushed back of 



BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA FIRST DAY. 37 

the Brock Field, and Stewart's Division in column of bri- 
gades, Clayton leading, Brown following, and Bate in the 
rear, had entered the field at its south-western corner soon 
after noon. Cheatham's left brigade had just been repulsed. 
Stewart turned Clayton toward Brotherton's. After hot and 
persistent fighting. Brown took his place, to become des- 
perately engaged, and be in turn, relieved by Bate. Van 
Cleve, with two of his brigades, had arrived at Brother- 
ton's from Lee and Gordon's just before Stewart's appear- 
ance, and had repulsed the left brigade of Cheatham, and cap- 
tured its battery. Van Cleve, in turn, was first forced across 
the La Fayette Road at Brotherton's by Stewart's troops, and 
next through and beyond the Dyer Field, Clayton following 
to the Tan Yard. Bate had forced back the Union line at 
Foe's, and the Union center was thus broken to a point south 
of Brotherton's. Palmer, with Hazen's and Grose's Brigades, 
came back to the La Fayette Road. Turchin's Brigade 
charged through the Brock Field upon the right regiment 
(Forty-fourth Alabama) of Law's Brigade of Hood's Division 
and repulsed it. The other regiments of Law, under com- 
mand of Col. W. C. Gates of the Fifteenth Alabama, became 
engaged farther south on the right of Bushrod Johnson's 
Division, and moved with it across the La Fayette Road. 

After the fighting had ceased on the extreme left, Brannan 
and Baird had been withdrawn to the glade east of McDon- 
ald's. Brannan was now dispatched to the Dyer Field to assist 
in restoring the line. He entered the northern part of the 
field just as Negley, who had marched from Glass' Mill, ap- 
peared, moving toward it from Widow Glenn's. That portion 
of Stewart's forces in the Dyer Field at once withdrew with 
little fighting into the forest east of the La Fayette Road. 

Bate was still advancing northward toward Poe's. On the 
northern crest in the Poe Field, Reynolds had hastily gathered 
twenty guns, and various infantry lines to support them. 
Palmer assisted with his forces. As Bate advanced into the 
open ground he soon came close into the face of this array 



3^ THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

of rifles and artillery. His persistent advance was finally 
repulsed, and the battle ended on the Union center. 

On the Confederate left, about Viniard's, a fierce battle had 
been in progress throughout the afternoon, beginning soon after 
I o'clock. About 12 o'clock, Davis' Division of McCook's 
Corps, consisting of Carlin's and Heg's Brigades, Post's Brigade 
being with the trains, had reached Rosecrans' headquarters at 
the Widow Glenn's. He was turned eastward toward Vini- 
ard's with orders to develop the Confederate left. Forming 
south-west of Viniard's, he crossed the La Fayette Road and 
advanced to the edge of the descent in the open ground east 
of it. Barnes' Brigade of Van Cleve's Division, which had 
been left at Lee and Gordon's, had arrived in haste and 
formed on Davis' right. Wilder's Brigade, which had been 
observing the enemy's left since daylight, now moved up on 
Davis' left, and at once the whole line became bitterly en- 
gaged with Trigg's Brigade of Preston's Division and all of 
Bushrod Johnson's Division. After severe fighting the en- 
emy gained the Viniard House, and the Union line was 
forced to the west side of the fields behind it. The enemy 
was next in turn driven back to its lines of first attack, 
whence they swept westward again. While actively rallying 
his brigade from one of these repulses Col. Heg was killed. 

It was four o'clock, and Davis' forces were suffering se- 
verely and were well-nigh exhausted by the alternate ebb and 
flow of the dreadful tide. In one of the advances of the 
Confederates west of the road. Wilder rushed two guns from 
his left into the head of the low ground before his front and 
enfiladed the massed lines toward the Viniard House, caus- 
ing general slaughter. 

At 4 o'clock Buell's and Harker's Brigades of Woods' Di- 
vision appeared, coming at double quick from Lee and Gor- 
don's Mill. Buell restored the right of Davis' line, and 
Harker, pushing on to its left, sent part of his force north- 
eastward, when the engagement again became desperate on 
his and Buell's fronts. Wilder had enfiladed the left of 



BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA — FIRST DAY. 39 

Bushrod Johnson's Division when it crossed the La Fayette 
Road into the fields north of the Viniard Farm, and forced it 
to retire. With his two remaining regiments Harker moved 
rapidly northward along the La Fayette Road, crossed to the 
west of it, and before he was discovered fell upon the rear of 
Fulton's Brigade, the right of Bushrod Johnson's line, which was 
attacking Van Cleve's left in the Brotherton Field, and forced 
its hasty withdrawal into the forest east of the La Fayette 
Road. Lastly, Sheridan arrived, having marched from Craw- 
fish Springs by Lee and Gordon's, and with Bradley's Brigade 
went into action on Buell's right, and forced the Confederates 
from its front. At sundown the latter withdrew and the battle 
ended which had raged here throughout the afternoon with 
an intensity not exceeded in any part of the field. 

Then followed a short period of absolute quiet, when the 
silence became oppressive. Suddenly this was relieved by a 
tornado of furious battle swelling up in the gathering dark- 
ness on Johnson's and Baird's lines a mile east of the Brother- 
ton House. Baird had been sent forward in the afternoon 
to strengthen Johnson's left, which rested near the Winfrey 
House. Cheatham's line was formed just behind the crest 
of the high ground south-east of it, and had contented itself 
after 3 o'clock with a plunging artillery fire upon Johnson's 
front. 

When Walker's Divisions fell back before Brannan's and 
Baird's attacks, Cleburne's Division had been sent from east 
of the Chickamauga to attack from the direction of Jay's 
Mill. In his haste, Cleburne closed his columns and marched 
them across the river with the water up to the arm-pits of the 
men, hurried them on to the mill, reached there at 6 o'clock, 
immediately formed, and at once pressed forward. His line 
struck on the fronts of both Baird's and Johnson's Divis- 
ions, and a battle broke out in the darkness, in which each 
side was guided only by the flashes of the opposing guns. 
The two right brigades of Cheatham's line followed Cleburne 
in his advance. The Union divisions had just received or- 



40 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

ders to withdraw toward Kelly's when this attack opened. 
After an hour's confused fighting, in which the Confederates 
lost Preston Smith, and the Union forces Colonel Baldwin, 
each commanding brigades, Baird and Johnson withdrew 
from under fire, and marched to the Kelly Field to bivouac, 
while Cleburne's men and his wounded, soaked in the cold 
water of the river, lay down on the frosty ground without 
fires to wait for the morning. 

As the result of the long day's fierce battle, Rosecrans had 
pounded his lines into position betweea Bragg and Chat- 
tanooga. 



THE SECOND DAV S BAT ILE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 41 



CHAPTER V. 

THE SECOND DAY'S BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA, SUNDAY, SEP- 
TEMBER 20, 1863. 

There was busy re-arrangement of the Hnes on both sides 
during Saturday night, and the early morning of Sunday. 
With the exception of two brigades, Post's, with the trains, 
and Lytle's, which had remained at Lee and Gordon's Mill, 
Gen. Rosecrans had put every available man into Saturday's 
engagement. On the other side, Gen. Bragg had Breckin- 
ridge's, Hindman's, and Kershaw's Divisions, Gracie's and 
Kelly's Brigades of Preston's Division, and Gist's of Wal- 
ker's, none of which had been engaged on Saturday. Gen. 
Longstreet in person arrived at up. m. The army was then 
divided into right and left wings, Polk being assigned to the 
command of the right, and Longstreet to the left. Bragg's 
army had fought after a fair night's rest. The Union troops 
in greater part had marched all night before the battle and 
fought through the day without breakfast. To offset these 
disadvantages, the Union lines had the best position, being 
in the main on higher ground, and the circumstances com- 
pelling the Confederates to attack. 

The La Fayette Road was again to be the prize of battle, 
and Bragg's plan of thrusting his columns beyond the Union 
left, and between it and Chattanooga, still controlled in 
arranging his lines. The troops from the Union right near 
Viniard's, and Lytle's Brigade from Lee and Gordon's, were 
brought back to the high ground near Widow Glenn's. 
The Union center was in rear of the Brotherton Field, and 
the left, crossing to the east side of the La Fayette Road be- 
tween Poe's and Kelly's, ran around the south and east sides 



THE SECOND DAY S BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 43 

of the Kelly Field, and half way back to the road along its 
northern border. 

A glance at the map at the opening of this chapter will 
show the arrangement of divisions on Rosecrans' line. Be- 
ginning at the left, Baird's, Johnson's, Palmer's and Rey- 
nolds' were east of the La Fayette Road, Brannan's next 
west of it along the western side of the Poe Field, Negley 
west of Brotherton's, and Sheridan in front of Widow Glenn's. 
Wilder's Brigade of mounted infantry, with Harrison's Regi- 
ment, also mounted, were on the high ground to the right 
and rear of Sheridan. Van Cleve's, Woods', and Davis' Di- 
visions were, at an early hour, in rear of the center waiting 
for the final adjustment of the front line. Bragg's line over- 
lapped Rosecrans' by a full division on the Union right, and 
two brigades and a full division on its left, besides the 
mounted division of Forrest's Corps still to the right of Arm- 
strong's, which latter was dismounted. 

Bragg's line, beginning on his right, ran by divisions, as 
follows : Forrest, with two divisions of cavalry, Pegram's 
and Armstrong's, was east of Cloud's. Breckinridge, Cle- 
burne, and Stewart covered the east and south lines of the 
Kelly Field, and the east line of the Poe Field, Walker's two 
divisions were in reserve in rear of Breckinridge, and Cheat- 
ham's five brigades in rear of Cleburne. Bushrod Johnson 
was posted with his center 700 yards east of Brotherton's, 
and, with Law's and Kershaw's Divisions directly in rear of 
his own, formed a central column of three divisions. Hind- 
man was on the left of Johnson, and Preston on the extreme 
left, east and south of Viniard's. Stewart's Division was the 
right of Longstreet's wing, and Cleberne's the left of Polk's. 
Stewart's and Johnson's fronts were protected by rude de- 
fenses. The Union line throughout was covered by rough 
barricades of rails, logs, stones, and stumps. These barri- 
cades around the Kelly Field were of considerable strength, 
but elsewhere the protection of the Union lines was slight. 
No rifle-pits were dug on any part of them. 



44 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Before the battle opened, Dodge's Brigade of Johnson's 
Division was transferred to Baird's left, but this did not ex- 
tend his flank more than half way to the La Fayette Road. 
Gen. Thomas was using most energetic means to obtain a 
division from the center to prolong Baird's left along the 
crest to the high ground on the La Fayette Road north of 
McDonald's, when the battle opened, about 9:30 o'clock, by 
the advance of Breckinridge's Division upon Baird's position. 
At the moment, John Beatty's Brigade was being stretched 
in thin line from Baird's left toward the McDonald house. 

Bragg was bitterly disappointed by non-compliance with 
his orders for an attack at daylight by his right, to be taken 
up successively toward the left by divisions. This delay was 
of the greatest consequence to the Union forces. 

Breckinridge's Division moved from a line about 700 yards 
east of the glade in front of Baird's position. His left 
brigade was Helm's ; his center, Stovall's ; and right, Adams'. 
Two regiments of Helm's left and three companies of the 
next one struck on the salient at Baird's left, and were shat- 
tered. At the same time, in advancing, they were enfiladed 
by the salient at Baird's right. Helm was mortally wounded 
while rallying his line in its recoil from this terrible blow. The 
whole brigade suffered greatly, but two regiments and seven 
companies of the third from the right passed by the Union 
front and into its rear as far as the La Fayette Road. Here 
this right of Helm met stubborn resistance from the thin line 
of John Beatty's Brigade, which just before had been still 
more attenuated by the attempt to stretch it out to the Mc- 
Donald House and with it cover nearly a division space. 
Two of Beatty's guns were captured, and his brigade hope- 
lessly confused, but he himself, with what he could gather, 
rode to Snodgrass Hill and rendered most valuable service 
till the close of the battle. But Helm's (now Lewis') Brigade 
had also been so badly broken as to necessitate its with- 
drawal. Its loss in this assault was one man in three. 

Stovall and Adams, however, kept on. They reached the 



THE SECOND DAY'S BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 45 

La Fayette Road without opposition. They had passed the 
Union left, and were three hundred yards in its rear, and 
still beyond the position from which they had moved was a 
division of Forrest's Cavalry dismounted, and beyond that a 
mounted division — so largely overlapped on this flank was 
the Union line. 

Breckinridge had only to swing his two brigades to the left 
when a short advance would take him into the Kelly Field. 
This move he made. Facing south with the road between 
his brigades, he moved forward. Stovall's left struck the left 
of Baird and was checked. Stanley's Brigade of Negley's 
Division had arrived in haste from the center, formed across 
Adams' pathway, and stopped him also by hard blows. At 
that moment, Stanley's Brigade was ordered to the left toward 
Snodgrass Hill. At the same instant Stovall had struggled 
by the hot fire on the left of Baird, and burst full into the 
Kelly Field from its northern border. Adams, too, found 
his way open along the line which Stanley had blocked, and 
he, too, advanced again. It seemed as if the Union left was 
fatally enveloped. It lines around the field could not stir, for 
Cleburne was assaulting from the east, and Stewart from the 
east and south. The balls which missed these fronts were 
falling fast all over the west side of the field. Suddenly, a 
brigade deployed in two lines, rushed out of the forest on 
the west side of the field just north of the Kelly House, 
whirled into the face of Stovall, and laid its lines down less 
than a hundred yards from his advance. The front line of 
this Union brigade fired a full volley, and Stovall was 
checked. The rear line sprang to its feet, charged over the 
front on a run, and Stovall broke. The first line followed 
the second m the charge, and the enemy was driven back 
around the Union left. Adams, with his flank exposed and 
enfiladed, had retired with Stovall. All this time the whole 
line of four divisions around the field was under furious 
and most courageous assault from Cleburne and Stewart. 
But these latter found themselves powerless to cross the 



THK SECOND DAY's BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 47 

Union line of low works, for whenever successive Confed- 
erate assaults were delivered, all who could crowd up to the 
log-works fired, and all who could not lay down behind them, 
loaded rifles, and passed them up to those who could. The 
Confederate officers describe the fire they here encountered 
as an unbroken stream of lead. In one of these assaults, 
Gen. Deshler, who commanded one of Cleburne's Brigades, 
was killed, and Col. Roger Q. Mills succeeded him. 

It was Van Derveer's Brigade of Brannan's Division that 
had saved the Union left almost as by a miracle. It was at 
a heavy cost of men, and the severity of the fire may be 
judged by the fact that every horse in the brigade but two 
was disabled in the short charge. 

Thomas had sent for Brannan's Division, which, by agree- 
ment at the council the night before, was to be left as a 
movable reserve, but which, without Thomas' knowledge, 
had been moved before daylight into the front line at Poe's. 
At the moment the order to go to Thomas arrived, the attack 
of Stewart on Brannan's front was opening. Hastily con- 
sulting with Gen. Reynolds, near him, and both agreeing, he 
stood fast awaiting attack, and sent word to Rosecrans of the 
situation, asking if he should go in spite of the surroundings. 
Meantime, in partial compliance with the order, he dis- 
patched his reserve brigade (Van Derveer's). The latter was 
proceeding under orders to report to Baird, when suddenly, 
with its lines in the underbrush, it received an enfilading 
fire from Adams and Stovall. Van Derveer rushed his 
line into the open, handled them as above described, and 
the position was saved. 

But while Van Derveer was clearing the Union left with 
his brigade, Longstreet with his column of three divisions 
from the forest east of Brotherton's was moving through the 
Union center, and dire calamity there seemed unavoidable. 

Negley's Division, which held the line west of the Brother- 
ton Field, had been replaced by Wood shortly before the 
order reached Brannan to report to Thomas at the left, as 



THE SECOND DAY S BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 49 

l)efore related. Rosecrans, supposing Brannan would move 
at once under the order, sent directions to Wood on his right 
to close up rapidly on Reynolds and support him. Brannan, 
not having left the line, and Reynolds being to the left of 
Brannan, Wood moved rapidly into the rear of Brannan and 
toward Reynolds. At this moment, Longstreet's attack was 
delivered, and Bushrod Johnson's Division burst through the 
opening left by Wood. Buell's, Wood's right brigade, was 
caught while thus marching by the flank and broken up. 
Davis' Division, to the right and rear of Wood, was hurried 
toward the gap, and Rosecrans galloped to the Widow 
Glenn's to rush Sheridan also to the center. But the dis- 
aster could not be repaired. Laws' Division, following 
Johnson's, had turned toward the right against Brannan at 
Poe's, and the left of Stewart also bore down on Brannan's 
left. His division fought stubbornly, but Johnson was soon 
full on its flank, and it was forced to abandon its line. 

Meantime, Wood, seeing Hood's forces moving north 
through the Dyer Fields, performed an act v/hich ranks, as a 
vital move, with that of Van Derveer's in the Kelly Field. 
Harker's Brigade, which had proceeded well toward the left 
in rear of Brannan when Longstreet attacked, was hurried 
back into the Dver Field in front of Hood's advance, taking 
position on the crest which crosses that field near its northern 
limits, and there awaited Hood. Laws' Division was in ad- 
vance, Harker first checked it by fierce musketry, and then 
charged down into its face, forcing it back into the woods, 
and so disabling it that it was not again brought into action. 
One of its regiments, however, the Fifteenth Alabama, Col. 
W. C. Oates, subsequently joined Kershaw's advance. 

This check enabled Brannan to form his line with some de- 
liberation in rear of Harker on Snodgrass Hill. When 
Harker was at length pushed back by Kershaw's Division 
advancing over Law's, he took position on the low open crest 
to Brannan's left, and Snodgrass Hill became the Union 
right. Next on the right of Harker, Stanley's Brigade of 



52 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Negley's Division formed, and to its right were Brannan's 
troops. On his extreme right Brannan formed the Twenty- 
first Ohio of nearly 800 men. of Sirwell's Brigade, which 
Negley had sent to him before abandoning the field. 

All to the right of Brannan on the original line had been 
swept off the field. Davis' and Sheridan's Divisions, while 
hastening to the left to close the gap caused by Wood's with- 
drawal, were attacked in front and on their right by Hind- 
man's Division, and on their left by Bushrod Johnson's. 
Gen. Lytle was killed in a supreme effort to face these lines 
with his brigade. This right composed of five brigades was 
pushed off the field without fault of their own, and continued 
in much confusion to McFarland's Gap. From this point, 
Davis, hearing that Thomas was steadfast on the field, 
upon receiving a request from him through a staff officer, 
turned back to join him. Sheridan, declining to regard this 
request, moved on to Rossville, and thence by the La Fayette 
Road toward Thomas. He reached Cloud's at dusk. Two 
corps of the enemy then held the road between that point 
and Thomas, and Sheridan returned to Rossville. 

Negley's Division, as has been seen, was early divided. 
John Beatty's Brigade had been sent at 8 o'clock to the left 
of Baird, Negley himself had followed later with Stanley's 
Brigade, and returned under orders to gather all artillery at 
hand in rear of the line, and post it on the high ground over- 
looking Baird' s left. About fifty guns were collected, and 
conducted, instead, to the ridge occupied later by Gordon 
Granger's troops, and stationed on Gen. Brannan's right, 
with considerable infantry support. Very soon, and before 
they were direcdy attacked, the whole was ordered to the 
rear by Gen. Negley, and marched to Rossville. 

Gens.Rosecrans, Crittenden, and McCook had been cut 
off by the break at the center, and borne off" the field in the 
confused retreat of the right. Rosecrans proceeded to Chat- 
tanooga and Thomas came into command on the field. 



THE SECOND DAY S BA'ITLE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 53 

Returning to the break in the center : While Hood's Di- 
visions were sweeping northward toward the Snodgrass 
House through the eastern side of the Dyer Field and the 
adjoining woods, Bushrod Johnson turned to the right to- 
ward the ridge on the western side of the field. On its 
crest he captured fifteen guns which had been hastily gath- 
ered there, reaching them before they could do much execu- 
tion. After reforming his line, he soon moved over this 
ridge, and arranged his forces to assault Snodgrass Hill. 
With his left at the Viditoe House, and Anderson's Brigade 
of Hindman's Division on his right, his line reached around 
the base of Horseshoe Ridge half way to the Snodgrass 
House, and joined the left of Kershaw's Brigade, which 
further extended the line to the road running up to that 
house. Humphrey's Brigade of Kershaw's Division formed 
the right of the assaulting lines, and faced the open crest be- 
yond the house where Harker had taken final stand on the 
left of Brannan. The Union right rested above this array 
on the crest of the Horseshoe. It consisted of three brig- 
ades and one battery, with no reserve. 

While two Confederate divisions are preparing to assault 
and envelop that short line, there will be time to again con- 
sider the Union left around the Kelly Field. 

Forrest's Cavalry, in front of Cloud's, had moved forward 
before noon and captured the Union hospitals at the church 
and about the spring. Cleburne and Stewart had fought bit- 
terly but unsuccessfully until i o'clock. Walker's two divis- 
ions (Gist's and Liddell's) had replaced Breckinridge, and at 
noon Gist's Division assaulted where Helm had been repulsed. 
Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, commanding a brigade, was killed, 
and the division repulsed. The troops of Liddell, in turn, 
advanced, and their leading brigade was also driven back. 
Then, from i o'clock till nearly sunset, there was no fighting 
of moment along the Kelly Field front. The eight divisions, 
four on each side, facing each other there, and the Confed- 
erate reserves, rested on their arms and listened hour after 



THE SECOND DAV'S BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 55 

hour to the terrible penduhim swings of Longstreet's con- 
stantly reij'eated assaults on Snodgrass Hill. From 2 till 3 
o'clock, Bushrod Johnson's and Kershaw's Divisions, with 
Anderson's Brigade of Hindman, struggled unremittingly 
against the short line on the crest. Before the hour ended, 
half of Brannan's troops were out of ammunition and stand- 
ing behind their bayonets, and the left of Johnson had ad- 
vanced and was crossing the crest which Negley had vacated 
on then- right. Then help came to this line at bay as unex- 
pectedly as if dropped from heaven. Gordon Granger with 
Steedman's Division, and Dan McCook's Brigade of J. D. 
Morgan's Division at McAfee's Church, over three miles 
away, had been impatiently listening to the terrific firing 
about the Horseshoe. At noon, he decided to march there 
without orders ; and, just as the situation was full of gloom 
for Thomas, the head of Steedman's Division reached him. 
The column marched hastily into the ravine back of the Snod- 
grass House, attacked the line crossing the crest to Brannan's 
rear, drove it back by fighting which cost at least a third 
of those engaged, occupied the crest on Brannan s right, and 
extended Thomas' line to the crest overlooking the road to 
Rossville. Besides this welcome service, it divided its am- 
munition with Brannan's men. To make the relief still 
greater and sufficient. Van Derveer's Brigade, intact, arrived 
at the same moment from its charge upon Breckinridge in 
the Kelly Field. Like Granger's command, it had marched 
without orders toward the sound of the guns. It formed on 
Steedman's left, ascended the ridge, and made Brannan's 
thinned right a solid line again. 

At 3 o'clock, Maingault's and Deas' Brigades of Hindman's 
Division had formed near Viditoe's, on the left of Johnson, 
and three full divisions began a fresh assault. Johnson 
gained the extremity of a spur above the Viditoe House 
with Fulton's and part of Maingault's Brigades, and estab- 
hshed two batteries there. At all other points, this most des- 
perate assault, or rather series of assaults, failed. At 3 



56 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

o'clock, Preston's large division, two brigades of which had 
not yet been engaged either day of the battle, was hurried 
up to Brotherton's from Hall's Ford, and sent over at 4 
o'clock to Snodgrass Hill. At 4:30, it relieved Kershaw's 
Brigade, and assaulted on Stanley's and Brannan's fronts, 
many of Kershaw's troops marching with it, and Johnson and 
Hindman advancing simultaneously. Grade's Brigade car- 
ried the salient spur of Stanley's line, and held its outer point 
an hour, being at length driven down by a charge led by Lt.- 
Col. C. H. Grosvenor, of the Eighteenth Ohio, assisted by 
the Nineteenth Illinois, Lt.-Col. A. W. Raffner, on its right, 
and the Twenty-second Michigan, Lt.-Col. Melvin Mudge, 
on its left. Like the other assaults, at the end of an hour 
and a half, this last, the fiercest of all, was beaten back. It 
is doubtful whether the history of wars affords a severer test 
of soldierly courage and endurance than was shown by these 
continuing Confederate assaults, from 2 o'clock till sundown, 
over slopes which successive failures had thickly strewn with 
dead and wounded comrades. Of the single line which 
faced such soldiers, with scarce a semblance of works, and 
at times with empty barrels, till darkness gathered and the 
battle was done, it need only be said, for men and officers 
alike, that they were found equal to the tremendous require- 
ments of the hour. 

At the close of this final attack, Steedman's Division, 
which, with the rest of the line, had sustained persistent as- 
saults, was out of ammunition, and was withdrawn at sunset 
to the ridge in its rear. An hour later, it marched to Mc- 
Farland's Gap, and thence to Rossville. It was almost im- 
mediatelv followed over the crest to the foot of the slope 
where its lines had been, and there the Confederate left flank 
halted. 

Three regiments, the Tw'enty-first and Eighty-ninth Ohio 
and Twenty-second Michigan, which were on the left of 
Whittaker's Brigade, did not receive notice to withdraw with 
him, and were almost bodily captured at dusk by Trigg's Bri- 



THE SECOND DAYS BATTLE AT CHICKAMAUGA. 57 

gade, the left of Preston's Division, crossing the ridge to 
their right and turning into their rear, while Kelly's Brigade 
of the same division advanced on their front. A similar at- 
tempt by the same Confederate brigades to capture Van Der- 
veer's Brigade, next on the left of these and constituting the 
right of Brannan, was discovered and repulsed. 

The fighting having ceased, Wood's and Brannan's lines 
were withdrawn from Snodgrass Hill, the movement begin- 
ning on the left of Harker at 7 o'clock, and ending at 8 
o'clock on the right of Brannan, at the present observation 
tower, the whole passing through McFarland's Gap to Ross- 
ville. 

The withdrawal of the line about the Kelly Field was or- 
dered by Gen. Thomas at 5:30 o'clock. Reynolds' Division 
began the movement by marching north by the flank on the 
La Fayette Road to the northern limits of the Kelly Field, 
there filing to the left in the woods, facing north, and encoun- 
tering Liddell's Division, as related on p. 200, thence turning 
westward to the first high ground, where Willich, following, 
also formed, the two together composing the covering force 
for the rest of the Kelly Field line as it left the position. 

Palmer's Division followed Reynolds. It was half way 
across the Kelly Field before the Confederate skirmishers of 
a general advance appeared at the breastworks which Palmer 
had left. His line was there subjected to a heavy artillery fire 
from each flank, but it was soon in order after reaching the 
forest west of the La Fayette Road. 

Johnson's and Baird's Divisions were sustaining a heavy 
attack just as the order went to them to withdraw. This 
general advance of Bragg's right had been ordered at 3 
o'clock. It did not begin till nearly sundown. These re- 
maining Union divisions, the last on the line, bore the 
whole brunt of this attack. But, though fired upon from in 
front and on both flanks, and thrown into much confusion, 
thev reached the west side of the field in such condition as 



58 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

enabled them thereafter to move in order and follow the 
Union column to McFarland's Gap. 

Arriving at Rossville, the whole army, with the exception 
of the remnants of Van Cleve's Division, which were sent to 
Chattanooga, was placed in position in Rossville Gap, and on 
Missionary Ridge to the right and left of it, and across the 
valley to Lookout. At daylight, the object of the withdrawal 
was revealed by the fact that the Union army again stood 
across Bragg's pathway to Chattanooga. It remained in po- 
sition throughout the 21st. At midnight, it marched on to 
Chattanooga. On Tuesday, September 2 2d, its lines were 
solidly formed around the city, and the prize of the cam- 
paign was won. 

A brief consideration of the relative strength and losses 
of each army properly closes this chapter. 

Gen. Rosecrans had crossed the Tennessee with an effect- 
ive force of all arms equipped for duty of a few hundred 
more than 60,000. Of this number Wagner's Brigade, with 
2,061 effectives, held Chattanooga, leaving the Union force 
in front of Bragg slightly less than 58,000. It was several 
thousand less at the battle, Post's Brigade of Davis' Division 
and three regiments of infantry and one battery being en- 
gaged in guarding supply trains. This made eight regiments 
of infantry absent. A small part of the Union cavalry was 
severely engaged, while most of Forrest's cavalry fought as in- 
fantry and was desperately engaged the first day. A maxi- 
mum figure for Gen. Rosecrans' force in action that day would 
be 55,000. 

It is difficult to arrive at Gen. Bragg's force. He reported 
it a week after the battle as 38,846 effectives. At the same 
time he reported his losses at 18,000, which would make his 
strength at the battle 56,846. 

In a letter from Gen. Lee to President Davis, dated Sep- 
tember 14, 1863, the following figures of Bragg's actual and 
prospective strength are thus stated : 

"If the report sent to me by (ien. Cooper since my re- 



THE SECOND DAY S BATTLE AT CHICKA.M AUGA. 59 

turn from Richmond is correct, Gen. Bragg had, on the 20th 
of August last, 51,101 effective men; Gen. Buckner, 16,118. 
He was to receive from Gen. Johnson 9,000. His total force 
will, therefore, be 76,219, as large a number as I presume 
he can operate with. This is independent of the local troops, 
which, you may recollect, he reported as exceeding his ex- 
pectations." 

Gen. Bragg, after the battle, reported Longstreet's force, 
which was not included by Lee, at 5,000. This, according 
to the figures furnished Gen. Lee, gave Bragg 81,219. Ac- 
cording to Gen. Johnson's correspondence, after he had sent 
9,000 to Bragg, he subsequently dispatched him two small 
brigades, and these latter reached him the day before the 
battle. 

The absence of specific reports makes it impossible to 
reconcile these discrepencies. 

Some of the figures of the remarkable losses on each side 
will be found on pages 227, 229. 

The battle was desperate from the moment it opened till 
its close. For the most part the lines fought at close range 
and, in the countless assaults, often hand to hand. On the 
first day there were no field works of any kind. On the 
second, Thomas was protected on portions of his line by 
such rude barricades as could be hastily thrown together. 
Brannan and Steedman were without a semblance of works. 
The battle in the main, on both sides, was dogged, stand-up 
fighting, far within the limits of point-blank range. For the 
second day, on the Confederate side, the contest was one 
continued series of brave and magnificent assaults. 



6o THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



CHAPTER VI. 

Orgaxization of the Army of the Cumberland, com- 
manded BY Maj.-Gen. William S. Rosecrans, atthe 
Battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19 and 20. 
1S6-,. 



[Roster compiled by Hon. J. W. Kirklev, Board of Publication of War Records.] 



GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 

ist Battalion Ohio Sharpshooters. 

loth Ohio Infantry, Lieut. -Col. William M. Ward. 

15th Penn.sylvania Cavalry, Col. Wm. J. Palmer. 

FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS. 
Maj.-Gen. George H. Thomas. 

GENERAL HEADQf AKTERS. 

Pro7iost-Guard. 

9th Michigan Infantry,''' Col. John G. Parkhurst. 

Escort. 

ist Ohio Cavalry, Company L, Capt, John D. Barker. 



FIRST DIVISION (FOURTEENTH CORPS). 

Drig.-Gen. Absalom Baird. 
First Brigade. "Siecond Brigade. 

Col. Benjamin F. Scribner. Brig. -Gen. John C. Starkweather. 

38th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Daniel F. Griffin. 24th Illinois: 
ad Ohio; Col. Geza Mihalotzy. 

Lieut. -Col. Obadiah C. Maxwell. Capt. August Mauff. 

Maj. William T. Beatty. 79th Pennsylvania, Col. Henry A. Ham- 

Capt. James Warnock. bright. 

33d Ohio, Col. Oscar F. Moore. ist Wisconsin, Lieut. -Col. George B. Bing- 

94th Ohio, Maj. Rue P. Hutchins. ham. 

10th Wisconsin : 21st Michigan : 

Lieut. -Col. John H. Ely. Lieut. -Col. Harrison C. Hobart. 

Capt. Jacob W. Roby. Capt. Charles H. Walker. 

ist Michigan, Light Battery A : Indiana Light, 4th Battery : 

Lieut. George W. Van Pelt. Lieut. David Flansbiirg. 

Lieut. Almerick W. Wilbur. Lieut. Henry J. Willits. 



'■• Not engaged ; on train and prnvost duty. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERI,AND. 



6i 



Third Brigade. 
Brig-Gen. John H. King. 
15th United States, ist Battalion, Capt. Albert R. Dod. 
i6th United States, ist Battalion: 
Maj. Sidney Coolidge. 
Capt. Robt. E. A. Crofton. 
i8th United States, ist Battalion, Capt. Geo W. Smith. 
i8th United States, 2d Battalion, Capt. Henry Haymond. 
19th United States, ist Battalion : 
Maj. Samuel K. Dawson. 
Capt. Edmund L. Smith, 
5th United States Artillery, Battery H.: 
Lieut. Howard M. Burnham. 
Lieut. Joshua A. Fessenden. 

Moved from McLemore's Cove during the night of September 
18th to Kellj's, marched east early on the igth, and became engaged 
north of Winfrey House, and toward Jay's Mill. First and Second 
Brigades in action at night on the same ground. Engaged Septem- 
ber ^oth around the north-east corner of the Kellv Field. 



First Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. John Be.\ttv. 

104th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Douglas 

Hapeman. 
42d Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Wm. T. B. Mc- 

Intire. 
88th Indiana, Col. George Humphrey. 
15th Kentucky, Col. Marion C. Taylor. 
Illinojs Light, Bridges' Battery, Capt. 

Lyman Bridges. 



SECOND DIVISION (FOURTEENTH CORPS). 

Maj. -Gen. Ja.me.s S. Negley. 

Serond Brigade. 
Col. Timothy R. Stanley. 
Col. William L. STOUGHro.N. 
19th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Alexander W. 

Raffen. 
nth Michigan : 

Col. William L. Stoughton. 

Lieut. -Col. Melvin Mudge. 

i8th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Charles H. Gros- 

venor. 

ist Ohio Light, Battery M, Capt. Fred- 
erick Schultz. 
Third Brigade. 

Col. William Sirwell. 
37th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. William D. Ward. 
2ist Ohio : 

Lieut.-Col. Dwella M. Stoughton. 

Major Arnold McMahan. 

Capt. Charles H. Vantine. 
74th Ohio, Capt. Joseph Fisher. 

78th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Col. Archibald Blakeley. 
ist Ohio Light, Battery G, Capt. Alexander Marshall. 

Morning of the 19th, at Glass' Mill ; at 5 p. m., in Dyer Field at 



62 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Tan-3'ard, and Brotherton's. In the morning of the 20th, Beattv and 
Stanley were engaged at the north-west corner of the Kelly Field. 
In the afternoon, Stanley and portions of the rest were on Snod- 
grass Hill. 

THIRD DIVISION (FOURTEENTH CORPS . 

Brig. -Gen, Joh.\ M, Bkannan. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Col. John M. Connell. Col. John T. Croxton. 

82d Indiana, Col. Morton C. Hunter. Col. Charles W. Chapman. 

17th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Durhin Ward. Col. William H. Havs. 

31st Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Frederick W. loth Indiana: 

Lister. Col. William B. Carroll 

38th Ohio,- Col. Edward H. Phelps. Lieut. -Col. Marsh B. Taylor, 

ist Michigan Light, Battery D, Capt. 74th Indiana: 

Josiah W. Church. Col. Charles W. Chapman. 

Lieut. -Col. Myron Baker. 
4th Kentucky : 

Lieut. -Col. P. Burgess Hunt. 
Maj. Robert M. Kelly, 
loth Kentucky : 

Col. William H. Hays. 
Maj. Gabriel C. "Wharton. 
14th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Henry D. Kings- 
bury. 
1st Ohio Light, Battery C, Lieut. Marco 
B. Gary. 
Third Brigade 
Col. Ferdinand V.an Dekveer. 
87th Indiana, Col. Newell Gleason. 
2d Minnesota, Col. James George. 
9th Ohio, Col. Gustave Kammerling. 
35th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Henry V. JJoynton. 
4th U. .S. Artillery, Battery I, Lieut. Frank G. Smith. 

Arrived at Kelly's from McLemore's Cove at sunrise of the 19th. 
Marched at once lo McDonald's, and thence to the Ridge overlook- 
ing Jay's Mill and Reed's Bridge, and there opened the battle of 
Chickamauga. P'ought the forenoon of the 20th along the west 
side of the Poe Field, Van Derveer's Brigade being engaged in the 
Kelly Field. In the afternoon, the division was on Snodgrass Hill. 



"■' Not engaged ; train guard. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OK THE CUMBERLAND. 63 



FOURTH DIVISION (FOURTEENTH CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. Joseph J. Revnui.us. 
First Brigade :■' Second Brigade. 

Col. John T. Wilder. Col. Edward A. King. 

92d Illinois, Col. Smith D. Atkin.s. Col. Milton S. Robinson. 

98th Illinois: 68th Indiana, Capt. Harvey J. Espy. 

Col. John J. Funkhouser. 75th Indiana: 

Lieut. -Col. Edward Kitchell. Col. Milton S. Robinson. 

123d Illinois, Col. James Monroe. Lieut. -Col. William O'Brien. 

17th Indiana, Maj. William T. Jones. loist Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Thomas Doan. 

72d Indiana, Col. Abram O. Miller. 105th Ohio, Maj. George T. Perkins. 

Indiana Light, 18th Battery, Capt. Eli Indiana Light, 19th Battery: 
Lilly. Capt. Samuel J. Harris. 

Lieut. Robert S. Lackey. 

Third Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. John B. Tirchin. 
18th Kentucky : 

Lieut. -Col. Hubbard K. Milward. 

Capt. John B. Heltemes 
nth Ohio, Col. Philander P. Lane. 
36th Ohio: 

Col. William G. Jones. 

Lieut.- Col. Hiram F. Devol. 
92d Ohio : 

Col. Benjamin D. Fearing. 

Lieut-Col. Douglas Putnam, Jr. 
Indiana Light, 21st Battery, Capt. William W. Andrew. 

Reached Poe's from McLemore's Cove, September 19th, at 10 
o'clock. In action east of that point, and in the Poe Field until 
night. September 20th occupied the lines south of and around the 
south-east corner of Kellv Field. 



TWENTIETH ARMY CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. Alexander McD. McCook. 

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 

Provost Guard. 

8ist Indiana Infantry, Company H, Capt. William J. Richards. 

Escort. 
2(1 Kentucky Cavalry, Company I, Lieut Ceorge W. L. Batman. 



Detached from the division; engaged as mounted infantry. 



64 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



FIRST DIVISION (TWENTIETH CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. Jefferson C. Davis. 



First Brigade.'-- 

Col. P. Sidney Po.st. 

59th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Joshua C. Win 

ters. 
74th Illinois, Col. Jason Marsh. 
75th Illinois, V,o\. John E. Bennett. 
22d Indiana, Col. Michael Gooding. 
Wisconsin Light Artillery, 5th Battery, 
Capt. George Q. Gardner. 



Second Brigade. 
Brig-Gen. William P. Carlin. 
2ist Illinois : 

Col. John W. S. Alexander. 

Capt. Chester K. Knight. 
38th Illinois: 

Lieut. -Col. Daniel H. Gilmer. 

Capt. Willis G. Whitehurst. 
8ist Indiana : 

Capt. Nevil B. Boone. 

Maj. James E. Calloway, 
loist Ohio : 

Lieut. -Col. John Messer. 

Maj. Bedan B. McDanald. 

Capt. Leonard D. Smith. 
Minnesota Light Artillery, 2d Battery: 

Lieut. Albert Woodbury. 

Lieut. Richard L. Dav/ley. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Hans C. Heg. 
Col. John A. Martin. 
jjth Illinois : 

Maj. Samuel D. Wall. 
Capt. Wesford Taggart. 
35th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. William P. Chandler. • 

8th Kansas ; 

Col. John A. Martin. 
Lieut. -Col. James L. Abernathy. 
15th Wisconsin, Lieut. -Col. Ole C. Johnson. 
Wisconsin Light Artillery, 8th Battery, Lieut. John D. McLean. 

Reached Widow Glenn's at noon. 19th, marched east to Viniard's 
and was engaged there till sunset. September 20th, at noon was 
forced back at the Tanyard and off the field by the break at the 
center. Turned back and reached the vicinity of Thomas' right 
again at sundown. 



'■' Not engaged ; guarding trains. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OK THE CUMBERLAND. 65 

SECOND DIVISION iXWENTIETH CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen. Richard W. Johnson. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. August Willich. Col. Joseph B. Dodge. 

89th Illinois: 79th Illinois, Col. Allen Buckner. 

Lieut. -Col. Duncan J. Hall. 29th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. David M. 
Maj. William D. Williams. Dunn. 

32d Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Frank Erdel- 30th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Orrin D. 

meyer. Hurd. 

39th Indiana,* Col. Thomas J Harrison. 77th Pennsylvania : 
15th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Frank Askew. Col. Thomas E. Rose. 

49th Ohio: Capt. Joseph J. Lawson. 

Maj. Samuel F. Gray. Ohio Light Artillery, 20th Battery, 
Capt. Luther M. Strong. Capt. Edward Grosskopflf. 

ist Ohio Light Artillery, Battery A. 
Capt. Wilbur F, Goodspeed. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Philemon P. Baldwin. 
Col. William W. Berrv. 
6th Indiana : 

Lieut. -Col. Hagerman Tripp. 
Maj Calvin D. Campbell. 
5th Kentucky : 

Col. William W. Berry. 
Capt. John M. Huston, 
ist Ohio, Lieut-Col. Bassett Langdon. 
93d Ohio : 

Col. Hiram Strong. 
Lieut. -Col. William H. Martin. 
Indiana Light Artillery, 5th Battery, Capt. Peter Simonson. 

Reached Kellv's at noon 19th. Marched east and went into 
action north ot Winfrey's, being engaged there until 3 p. m., and 
again at night. September 20th, occupied a portion of the east Hne 
of Kelly's Field until ^5:30 o'clock. 



* Detached from its brigade and serving as mounted infantry. 



66 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

THIRD DIVISION (TWENTIETH CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. 
First B>-igade. Second Brigade. 

Brig-Gen. William H. Lvtlr. Col. Bernard Laiboldt. ■ 

Col. Silas Miller. 44th Illinois, Col. Wallace W. Barrett. 

36th Illinois : 73d Illinois, Col. James F. Jacquess. 

Colonel Silas Miller. 2d Missouri, Maj. Arnold Beck. 

Lieut. -Col. Porter C. Olson. 15th Missouri, Col. Joseph Conrad. 

88th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Alexander S. ist Missouri -Light Artillery, Battery 
Chadbourne. G. Lieut. Gustavus Schuc- 

2ist Michigan : ler. 

Col. William B. McCreery. 
Maj. Seymour Chase. 
24th Wisconsin : 

Lieut. -Col. Theodore S. West. 
Maj. Carl von Baumbach. 
Indiana Light .\rtillery, nth Battery, 
Capt. Arnold Sutermeister. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Luther P. Br,\dley. 
Col. Nathan H. Walworth. 
22d Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Francis Swanwick. 
27th Illinois, Col. Jonathan R. Miles. 
42d Illinois : 

Col. Nathan H. Walworth. 
Lieut. -Col. John A. Hottenstein. 
51st Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Samuel B. Raymond. 
Ist Illinois Light Artillery, Battery C, Capt. Mark H. Prescott. 

Reached Viniard's from Lee and Gordon's at 4 p. m, and was 
heavil_y engaged until sunset. September 20th was enveloped be- 
tween Widow Glenn's and the Tan-yard by Uindman's on the front 
and right, and Bushrod Johnson on the left, and forced oft' the field. 
Advanced again at :; p. m. from Rossville, reaching Cloud's at dusk. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND. 67 

TWENTY-FIRST ARMY CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden. 

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 

Escort. 

15th Illinois Cavalry, Company K, Capt. Samuel B. Shcrcr. 



FIRST DIVISION (TWENTY-FIRST CORPS). 

I'rig.-Gen. Thomas J. Wood. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade.-' 

Col. George P. Buell. Brig. -Gen, George D. Wagner. 

looth Illinois : 15th Indiana, Col. Gustavus A. Wood. 

Col. Frederick A. Bartleson. 40th Indiana, Col. John W. Blake. 

Maj. Charles M. Hammond. 57th Indiana, Lieut-Col. fJeorge W. 

58th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. James T. Em- Lennard. 

bree. 97th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Milton Barnes. 

13th Michigan : Indiana Light, loth Battery, Lieut. 

Col. Joshua B. Culver. William A. Naylor. 

Maj. Willard G. Eaton. 
26th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. William H. 

Young. 
Indiana Light, 8th Battery, Capt. 
George Estcp. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Charles G. Harker. 
3d Kentucky, Col. Henry C. Dunlap. 
64th Ohio, Col. Alexander Mcllvain. 
65th Ohio: 

Lieut.-Col. Horatio N. Whitbeck. 
Maj. Samuel C. Brown. 
Capt. Thomas Powell. 
125th Ohio, Col. Emerson Opdycke. 
. Ohio Light, 6th Battery, Capt. CuUen Bradley. 

Marched from Lee and Gordon's and went into action at Viniard's 
at 4 o'clock, September igtli. Under orders, moved out of line at 
Brotherton's the morning of September 20th, and became involved 
in the break there. Barker's Brigade was moved back into the 
Djer Field, checked the enemy's advance, retired to Snodgrass Hill, 
and held its line there till night. Gen. Wood being with the com- 
mand. 



Not engaged. At Chattanooga. 



68 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK- 

SECOND DIVISION (TWENTY-FIRST CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. John M. Palmer. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. Charles Crl'FT. Brig. -Gen. William B. Hazen. 

3i.st Indiana, Col. John T. Smith. 9th Indiana, Col. Isaac C. B. Suman. 

ist Kentucky, •■■ Lieut. -Col. Alva R. 6th Kentucky: 

Hadlock. Col. Geo. T. Shackelford. 

2d Kentucky, Col. Thos, D. Sedge- Lieut. -Col. Richard Rockingham. 

wick. Maj. Richard T. Whitaker. 

90th Ohio, Col. Charles H. Rippey. 41st Ohio, Col. Aquila Wiley, 

ist Ohio Light, Battery B, Lieut. Nor- 124th Ohio: 

man A. Baldwin. Col. Oliver H. Payne. 

Maj. James B. Hampson. 
ist Ohio Light, Battery F, Lieut. Giles 
J. Cockerill. 
Third Brigade. 
Col. Willi A.M Grose. 
84th Tliinois, Col. Louis H. Waters. 
36th Indiana : 

Lieut. -Col. Oliver H. P. Carey. 
Maj. Gilbert Trusler. 
23d Kentucky, Lieut. -Col. James C. Foy. 
6th Ohio : ^ 

Col. Nicholas L. Anderson. 
Maj. Samuel C. Erwin. 
24th Ohio, Col. David J. Higgins. 

4th United States Artillery, Battery H, Lieut. Harry C. dishing. 
4th United States Artillery, Battery M, Lieut. Francis L. D. Russell. 

Reached Poe's from Lee and Gordon's at noon, and went at once 
into action east of that point and toward the Brock Field. At 5 
o'clock assisted in the repulse of the enemy from Poe's and Brother- 
ton's. Fought September 20th until 5:30 p. m., on east line of the 
Kelly Field. Hazen fought on Snodgrass Hill after 3 v. m. 



Five companies serving as wagon guard. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND. ' 69 

THIRD DIVISION (TWENTY-FIRST CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. Horatio P. Van Cleve. 

First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. Samuel Be.\tty. Col. George F. Dick;. 

ygth Indiana, Col. Frederick Knefler. 44th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Simon C. Al- 
9th Kentucky, Col. George H. Cram. drich. 

17th Kentucky, Col. Alexander M. 86th Indiana, Maj. Jacob C. Dick. 

Stout. 13th Ohio: 
19th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Henry G. Strat- Lieut. -Col. Elhannon M. Mast. 

ton. Capt. Horatio G. Cosgrove. 

Penn.sylvania Light, 26th Battery : 59th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Granville A. 
Capt. Alanson J. Stevens. Frambes. 

Lieut. Samuel M, McDowell. Indiana Light, 7th Battery, Capt. 

George R. Swallow. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Sidney M. Barnes. 
35th Indiana, Maj. John P. Dufficy. 
8th Kentucky: 

Lieut. -Col. James D. Mayhew. 

Maj. John S. Clark. 
2ist Kentucky,* Col. S. Woodson Price. 
51st Ohio : 

Col. Richard W. McClain. 

Lieut. -Col. Charles H. Wood. 
99th Ohio, Col. Peter T. Swaine. 
Wisconsin Light, 3d Battery, Lieut. Cortland Livingston. 

Reached Brotherton's from Lee and Gordon's with Dicks' and 
S. Beatty's Brigades about 2 p. m., and went into action south-east 
of that point. At 3:30, was forced bacli to the high ground south 
of Brotherton's, and at 4:30 was forced to the west side of the Dver 
Field. September 19th, Barnes' Brigade fought at Viniard's and 
throughout the 20th with Baird, north of the Kellev Field. Por- 
tions of the other brigades rallied on Snodgrass Hill. 



■ Not engaged ; at Whitesides. 



70 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

RESERVE CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. Gordon Guanger. 

FIRST DIVISION (RESERVE CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. J.\.mes B. Stef.dm.\.\. 

First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. Walter C. Whit.\ker. Col. John G. Mitchell. 

96th Illinois, Col. Thomas E. Champion. 78th Illinois : 

115th Illinois, Col. Jesse H. Moore. Lieut. -Col. Carter Van VIeck. 

84th Indiana, Col. Nelson Trusler. Lieut. George Green. 

22d Michigan :••' 98th Ohio: 

Col. Heber Le Favour. Capt. Moses J. LTrquhart. 

Lieut. -Col. William Sanborn. Capt. .Armstrong J. Thomas. 

Capt. Alonzo M. Keeler. 113th Ohio, Lieut. -Col Darius B. War- 

40th Ohio, Lieut. -Col William Jones. ner. 

89th Ohio: i2ist Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Henry B. Ban- 
Col. Caleb H. Carlton. "ing. 
Capt. Isaac C. Nelson. ist Illinois Light Artillery, Battery M, 

Ohio Light Artillery, i8th Battery, Lieut. Thomas Burton. 
Capt. Charles C. Aleshire. 



SECOND DIVISION (RESERVE CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. James D. Morgan.! 
Second Brigade. 
Col. Daniel McCook. 
85th Illinois, Col. Caleb J, Dilworth. 
86th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. David W. Magee. 
125th Illinois, Col. Oscar F. Harmon. 
52d Ohio, Maj. James T. Holmes. 
69th Ohio, I Lieut. -Col. Joseph H. Brigham. 
2d Illinois Light Artillery, Battery 1, Charles M. Barnett. 

Early on September 19th, Mitchell's Brigade supported D. Mc- 
Cook's near Reed's Bridge in slight skinnishing with Forrest's Cav- 
alry. These brigades were withdrawn to Rossville Gap at 7 o'clock, 
and were not engaged on Saturday. Early September 20th, the 
corps was concentrated at McAfee's Church, and at noon marched 
to the relief of Gen. Thomas at Snodgrass Hill, McCook's Brigade 
being left on the high ground next south of Cloud's. Steedman's 



* Temporarily attached. 

j" With other part of his division, guarding communications. 

X Temporarily attached. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND. 7 I 

Division carrying the ridge to the right of Brannan, and extending 
Gen. Thomas' line to the ravine leading down to Viditoe's. 



CAVALRY CORPS. 

Brig. -Gen. Robert B. Mitchell. 

The cavalrv operated at the upper fords of the Chickamauga dur- 
ing the 19th, and about Glass' Mill and Crawfish Springs, Septem- 
ber 20th. In the afternoon of the 20th, Long's Brigade was severely 
engaged between these points, and finally driven back to Crawfish 
Springs. 



FIRST DIVISION CAVALRY CORPS). 

Col. Edvv.\rd M. McCook. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Archibald P. Campbell. Col. Daniel M. R.^v. 

2d Michigan, Maj. Leonidas S. Scran- 2d Indiana, Maj. Joseph B. Presdcc. 

ton. 4th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. John T. De- 

9th Pennsylvania, Lieut. -Col. Roswell weese. 

M. Russell. 2d Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. William R. 

ist Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. James P. Cook. 

Brownlow. ist Wisconsin, Col. Oscar H. LaGrangc. 

ist Ohio Light Artillery, Battery D (sec- 
tion), Lieut. Nathaniel M. 
Newell. 
Third Brigade, 
Col. Louis D. W.\tkins. 
4th Kentucky, Col. Wickliffc Cooper. 
5th Kentucky, Lieut. -Col. William T. Hoblitzell. 
6th Kentucky, Maj. Louis A. Gratz. 



72 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



SECOND DIVISION 

Brig-Gen. G 
First Brigade. 
Col. Robert H. G. Minty. 
3d Indiana (battalion), Lieut -Col. Rob- 
ert Klein. 
4th Michigan, Maj. Horace Gray. 
7th Pennsylvania, Lieut. -Col. James J. 

Seibert. 
4th United States, Capt. James B. Mc- 

Intyre. 
Chicago Board of Trade Battery (one 
section), Capt. James H. 
Stokes. 



(CAVALRY CORPS). 

EORUE CruuK. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. Eli Long. 
2d Kentucky, Col. Thomas P. Nicholas, 
ist Ohio : 

Lieut. -Col. Valentine Cupp. 
Maj. Thomas. J. Patton. 
2d Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Charles B. Seidel. 
4th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Oliver P. Robie. 
Chicago Board of Trade Battery (one 

section), Capt. James H. 

Stokes. 



Organization of the Army of Tennessee, Gen. Brax- 
ton Bragg, C. S. Army, Commanding, at the Battle 
OF Chickamauga. 



Escort. 
Capt. GiY Dretx. 
Dreux's Company Louisiana Cavalry, Lieut. O. De Bui.s. 
Hollov.'ay's Company Alabama Cavalry, Capt E. M. Holloway. 



RIGHT WING. 
Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas Polk. 
Escort. 
Greenleafs Company Louisiana Cavalry, Capt. Leeds Greenleaf. 



POLK'S CORPS. 

Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas Polk. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 



73 



CHEATHAM'S DIVISION (POLK'S CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. Benjamin Franklin Cheatham. 

Es( ort. 

Company G, 2d Georgia Cavalry, Capt. Thomas M. Merritt. 



Jackson's Brigade. 
Brig-Gen. John K. Jackson. 
ist Georgia (Confederate), 2d Battalion 
Maj. James Clarke Gordon. 
5th Georgia, Col. Charles P. Daniel. 
2d Georgia Battalion (Sharpshooters), 
Maj. Richard H. Whiteley. 
5th Mississippi : 

Lieut.-Col. W. L. Sykes. 
Maj. John B. Herring. 
8th Mississippi, Col. John C. Wilkinson. 
Scogin's (Georgia) Battery, Capt. John 
Scogin. 



Maney s Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen. George Manev. 

ist Tennessee,; r- 1 o r> t- u 

' , Col. Hume R. Field. 
27th Tennessee, ' 

4th Tennessee (Provisional Army) ; 
Col. James A. McMurry. 
Lieut.-Col. Robert N. Lewis. 
Major Oliver A. Bradshaw. 
Capt. Joseph Bostick. 
6th Tennessee,/ 
9th Tennessee, ' 
24th Tennessee Battalion (Sharpshoot- 
ers), Maj. Frank Maney. 
Smith's (Mississippi) Battery, Lieut. Wil- 
liam B, Turner. 



Col. George C. Porter. 



Smith' : Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen. Preston Smith. 
Col. Alfred Jefferson Vai-ghan, Jr. 
nth Tennessee, Col. George W. Gor- 
don. 
i2th Tennessee, j Col. William M. Wat- 
47th Tennessee, i kins. 

fCol. Alfred Jeffer- 
13th Tennessee, J son Vaughan, Jr. 
154th Tennessee, I Lieut.-Col. R. W. 

[ Pitman. 
29th Tennessee, Col. Horace Rice. 
Dawson's Battalion Sharpshooters : 
Maj. J. W. Dawson. 
Maj. William Green. 
Maj. James Purl. 
Scott's (Tennessee) Battery : 
Lieut. John H. Marsh. 
Lieut. A. T. Watson. 
Capt. William L. Scott. 

Stralit' s Brigade 



Wright' s Brigade. 
Brig.-Gen. Marcus J. Wright. 
8th Tennessee, Col. John H. Anderson. 
i6th Tennessee, Col. D. M. Donnell, 
28th Tennessee, Col. Sidney S. Stanton. 
38th Tennessee and Maj. Thomas B. 
Murray's (Tennessee) Bat- 
talion, Col. John C. Carter. 
51st Tennessee, j Lieut.-Col. John G. 
52d Tennessee, ' Hall. 
Carnes' (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. Wil- 
liam W. Carnes. 



Col. Jonathan J. Lamb. 



Brig.-flen. Otho F. Strahl. 

4th Tennessee, ( 

5th Tennessee, 
19th Tennessee, Col. Francis M. Walker. 
24th Tennessee, Col. John A. Wilson. 
31st Tennessee, C9I. Egbert E. Tansil. 
33d Tennessee, Col. Warner P. Jones. 
Standford's (Mississippi) Battery, Capt. Thomas J. Stanford. 

Marched from the vicinity of Hunt's, September igth, at 11 



74 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

o'clock, directly north, and went into action on a line running 
through the Brock Field from west of its south-west corner to the 
crossing of the Alexander Bridge and Brotherton Roads. It ad- 
vanced to the north of the Brock Field, and finally was forced back 
to the high ground south of Winfrey's. It took part in the night 
attack at that point. September 20th, it was in reserve until the final 
advance. 



HINDMAN'S DIVISION POLK'S CORPS;. 

Maj.-Gen. Thomas Carmichael Hindman. 
Brig. .Gen. Patto.v Anderson. 

Esco7-t. 
Lenoir's Company Alabama Cavalry, Capt. T. M. Lenoir. 

Anderson s Brigade. Deas' Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. Patton Anderson. Brig. -Gen. Zach. C. Deas. ■ 

Col. J. H. Sh.\rp. 19th Alabama, Col. Samuel K. McSpad- 

7th Mississippi, Col. W. H. Bishop. den. 

9th Mississippi, Maj. T. H. Lynam. iid. Alabama: 

loth Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. James Barr. Lieut. Col. John Weedon. 

41st Mississippi, Col. W. F. Tucker. Capt. Harry T. Toulmin. 

44th Mississippi : 25th Alabama, Col. George D.Johnston. 

Col. J. H. Sharp. 39th Alabama. Col. Whitfield Clark. 

Lieut. -Col. R. G. Kelsey. 50th Alabama. Col. J. G. Coltart. 

9th Mississippi Battalion Sharpshooters, 17th -■Mabama Battalion Sharpshooters, 

Maj. W. C. Richards. Capt. James F. Nabers. 

Garrity's (.Alabama) Battery, Capt. Dent's (Alabama} Battery (formerly 

James Garrity. Robertson's\ Capt. S. H. Dent. 

yfanigault' s Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. .A. .M. M.\.mg.\ilt. 

i4th Alabama Col. N. N. Davis. 

28th Alabama, Col. John C. Reid. 

34th Alabama. Maj. John N. Slaughter. 

loth South Carolina, I „ , , _ 

. ., , „ ,. f Col. James F. Pressley. 
19th south Carolina, > 

Waters' (Alabama) Batterj-, Lieut. Charles W. Watkins. 

Was not engaged September 19th. September 20th, forced the 
right of the Union line off the field. At 3 o'clock, took part in the 
assault on Snodgrass Hill from the Viditoe place, and was engaged 
until sundown, being the left of the Confederate line. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE AKMV OF TENNESSEE. 75 

HILL'S CORPS. 

Lieut. -Gen. D.-\.siel H. Hill. 



CLEBURNE'S DIVISION HILL'S CORPS). 

Maj "(len. Patkick R. Clebirne. 

Escot. 

Sanders' Company Tennessee Cavalry, Capt. C. F. Sanders. 

Polk's Brigade. 
Rrig.-Cien. Lrcius E. Polk. 
ist Arkansas, Col. John W. Colquit 
3d Confederate 



Wood' s Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. S. A. iM. Wood. 

i6th Alabama : 

Maj. John H. McGaughy. 

Capt. Frederick A. Ashford. 

33d Alabama, Col. Samuel Adams. 

45th Alabama, Col. E. H. lireedlove. 

i8th Alabama Battalion ; 

Maj. John H. Gibson. 

Col. Samuel Adams (33d Ala 

baina). 

33d Mississippi, | „ , ,, „ . 

■'^ , ,.. . r ! Col. M. P. Lowrey. 

45th >jississippi, ' 

15th Mississippi Battalion Sharpshoot- 
ers : 

Maj. A. T. Hawkins. 

Capt. Daniel Coleman. 
Scmple's Alabama Battery : 

Capt. Henry C. Semple. 

I.ieut. R. W. Goldtliwaite. 



, ,, ^ , ' (• Col. J. A. Smith. 

5th Confederate, ) 

2d Tennessee, Col. vVm. D. Robison. 

35th Tennessee, Col. Benj. J. Hill. 

.48th Tennessee. Col. George H. Nixon. 

Calvert's (.\rkansas) Battery, Lieut. 

I'homas J. Key. 



Deslilet- s Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. James Deshler. 
Col. Roger Q. Mills. 
19th Arkansas, / 



24th Arkansas,' 
6th Texas Infantry, 
loth Texas Infantry 



Lieut. -Col. A. S. Hutchinson. 



] Col. Roger Q. Mills. 



Lieut. -Col. T. Scutt Anderson. 
Col. F. C. Wilkes. 



15th Texas Cavalry, =■' ) 

17th Texas Cavalry, =■• 1 

i8th Texas Cavalry, 

24th Texas Cavalry, 

25th Texas Cavalry, 

Douglas' (Texas) Battery, Capt. James P. Douglas 



Lieut. -Col. John T. Coit. 
Maj. Wm. A. Taylor. 



Crossed the Chickainaiiga at 4 p. m., September 19th, and pro- 



Dismounted. 



76 



THE NATIONAL MII.IIARV PARK. 



ceeded in haste to Jay's Mill, where it formed in rear of Walker's 
troops, with its right at the mill, and its line extending nearly a 
mile along the road to Alexander's. At 6 o'clock, it advanced and 
engaged Baird's and Johnson's Divisions, the battle lasting an hour 
after dark. September 20th, the division repeatedly assaulted the 
Union lines east of the Kelly Field. It took part there in the final 
advance at 5:30 p. m. 



BRECKINRIDGE'S DIVISION (HILL'S CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. John C, Bkkckinridge. 
Escort. 
Koules' Company Mississippi Cavalry, Capt. H. L. Foules. 



Helm s Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Ben. Hardin Helm 
Col. Joseph H. Lewis. 
.^ist Alabama, Col. Martin L. Stansel. 
2d Kentucky : 

Lieut. -Col. James \V. Hewitt. 
Lieut-Col. James W. Moss. 
4th Kentucky : 

Col. Joseph P. Nuckols. 
Maj. Thomas W. Thompson. 
6th Kentucky : 

Col. Joseph H. Lewis. 
Lieut. -Col. Martin H. Cofer. 
9th Kentucky : 

Col. John W. Caldwell. 
Lieut. -Col. John C. Wickliffe. 
Cobb's (Kentucky) Battery, Capt. Rob- 
ert Cobb. 



Col. Daniel Gober. 



StoTdli's Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Makcei.l.us A. Stov.\ll. 



Ada»is' Brigade. 

Biig.-Gen. Daniel W. Adams. 

Col. Randall Lee Gibson. 

32d Alabama, Maj. John C. Kimball. 

1 Col. Randall Lee Gib- 

13th Louisiana, son. 

• }■ 

20th Louisiana, i Col. Leon von Zinken. 

Capt. E. M. Dubroca. 

i6th Louisiana, 

25th Louisiana, 

19th Louisiana : 

Lieut. -Col. Richard W. Turner. 

Maj. Loudon Butler. 

Capt. H. A. Kennedy. 

14th Louisiana Battalion, Maj. J. E. 

Austin. 

Slocomb's (Louisiana) Battery, Capt. C. 

H. Slocomb. 

Graves (Kentucky) Battery, Lieut. S. 

i\I. Spencer. 



".' ^1°"^ I Col. William S.Dil worth. 
3a 1" lorida, I 

4th Florida, Col. W. L. L. Bowen. 
47th Georgia : 

Capt. William S. Phillips. 

Capt. Joseph S. Cone. 
60th North Carolina : 

Lieut. -Col. James M. Ray. 

Capt. James Thomas Weaver. 
Mebane's (.Tennessee) Battery, Capt. John W. Mebane. 

The artillery of Helm's Brigade was engaged early Septeml)er 
igth at long range with John Beattj's and Stanley's Brigades of 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 



77 



Neglej's Division, at Glass' Mill. The division was withdrawn and 
ordered to the Confederate right north-east of the Kelly Field, which 
point it reached before daylight, September 20th. It opened the 
battle, attacking at 9:30 a.m., and entered this field in the Union 
rear. From this point it was forced back to its first position. It 
took part in the general advance about sundown, and bivouacked in 
the Kelly Field. 



RESERVE CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker. 



WALKER'S DIVISION .WALKER'S CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. States Right.sGist. 



Gi'si's Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. State Rights Gist. 
Col. Peyton H. Colquitt. 
Lieut. -Col. Lekoy Natier. 
4th Georgia . 

Col. Peyton H. Colquitt. 
Maj. A. M. Speer. 
8th Georgia Battalion ; 

Lieut. -Col. Leroy Napier. 
Maj. Z. L. Watters. 
i6th South Carolina,-'- Col. James 

McCuUough. 
24th South Carolina: 

Col. Clement H. Stevens. 
Lieut. -Col. Ellison Capers. 

Wilson' s Brigade. 

Col. Claudius C. Wilson. 

25th Georgia, Lieut. -Col. A. J.Williams. 

29th Georgia, Lieut. George R. McRea. 

30th Georgia, Lieut. -Col. James S. Boyn- 

ton. 
1st Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters, 

Maj. Arthur Shaaflf. 
4th Louisiana Battalion, Lieut. -Col. 

John McEnery. 

Sent early September 19th from the vicinity of Alexander's 



Ector's Brigade. 
lirig.-Gen, Matthew Duncan Ector. 



Stone's .-Xlabama Battalion Sharpshoot- 
ers, Maj. T. O. Stone 

Pound's Mississippi Battalion Sharp- 
shooters, Capt. M. Pound. 

2gth North Carolina, Col. William B. 
Creasman. 

gth Te.\as, Col. William H. Young. 

loth Texas Cavalry, f Lieut. -Col. C. R. 
Earp. 

14th Texas Cavalry, f Col. J. L. Camp. 

32d Texas Cavalry, f Col. Julius A. An- 
drews. 

Artillery. 

Ferguson's (South Carolina) Battery, ■•= 
Lieut. R. T. Beauregard. 

Howell's (Georgia) Battery (formerly 
Martin's), Capt. Evan P. 
Howell. 



'■= Not engaged ; at Rome. 

\ Serving as infantry. 



7 8 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

to the assistance of Forrest at Jay's Mill. Was severely engaged 
during the forenoon. September 20th it relieved Breckinridge at 
noon, and unsuccessfully assaulted the Union left. At 5:30 i*. m. it 
reached the La Favette Road south of McDonald's, and bivouacked 
east of it. 



LIDDELL'S DIVISION (WALKER'S CORPS). 

lirig.-Gen. St. John R. Liddell. 



2d Arkansas, 
15th Arkansas, 

5th Arkansas, 
13th Arkansas, 



Lid dell's Brigade. 
Col. D.\.MEL C. GOVAN. 

Lieut. -Col. Reuben F. 

> Harvey. 
3 Capt. A. T. Meek. 
X Col. L. Featherston. 

V Lieut. -Col. John E. 
J Murray. 

^ Col. D. A. Gillespie. 

6th Arkansas, ( r ■ , r- i d . >.; 

;■ Lieut. -Col. Peter sny- 
7th .-Arkansas, j ^^^ 

8th Arkansas : 

Lieut. -Col. George F. Baucum. 
Maj. A. Watkins. 
ist Louisiana (Regulars,: 

Lieut. -Col. George F. Baucum. 
Maj. A. Watkins iSth .Arkansas). 
Warren Light Artillery (Mississippi 
Battery), Lieut. H. Shan- 
non. 



Walthall's Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Edward Cary Walthall. 
24th Mississippi : 

Lieut.-Col. R. P. McKelvaine. 

Maj. W. C. Staples. 

Capt. B. F. Toomcr. 

Capt. J. D. Smith. 
27th Mississippi, Col. James A. Camp- 
bell. 
29th Mississippi, Col. William F. Brant- 

ly. 

30th Mississippi : 

Col. Junius I. Scales. 

Lieut. -Col. Hugh \. Reynolds. 

Maj. James M. Johnson. 
34th Mississippi: 

Maj. William G. Pegrani. 

Capt. H. J. Bowen. 

Lieut.-Col. Hugh A. Reynolds 
;3oth Mississippi). 
Fowler's (Alabama) Battery, Capt. Will- 
iam H. Fowler. 



Followed Walker's Division into action, September 19th, becom- 
ing engaged just north of the Winfrey House, takmg Baird's Divis- 
ion in the light flank, Govan's Brigade capturing Scribner's guns, 
and Walthall's, those of King's Brigade, the lefl: of Baird's line, on 
the next ridge north. The division was then forced to retire. It 
was less severely engaged in the afternoon. September 20th, it was 
in reserve until noon, when Walthall's Brigade assaulted, and was 
withdrawn. At 5:30 the division crossed the La Fayette Road at 
McDonald's, but was obliged to retire to the east of the road, where 
it bivouacked. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 79 



LEFT WING. 

Liei;t.-Gen. James Longstreet. 



BUCKNER'S CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. Simox ]5olivak IIuckner. 

Escort. 
Clark's Company Tennessee Cavalry, Capt. J. W. Clark. 



STEWARTS DIVISION BUCKNER'S CORPS) 

Maj.-Gen. Alexander P. Stewart. 
Bute's Bri^atie. Clayton's Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. William Brimage Bate. Brig. -Gen. Hexrv D. Clayton 

58th Alabama, Col. Bushrod Jones. iSth Alabama : 

37th Georgia : Col. J. T. Holtzclaw. 

Col. A. F. Rudler. . Lieut. -Col. R. F. Inge. 

Lieut. -Col. Joseph T. Smith.- Maj. P. F. Hunley. 

4th Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters: 36th Alabama, Col. Lewis T. Woodruff. 

Maj. T. D. Caswell. 38th Alabama, Lieut.-Col. X. K. Lank- 

Capt. B. M. Turner. ford. 

Lieut. Joel Towers. ist Arkansas ' Battery, Capt. John T. 

] Col. R. C. Tyler. Humphreys. 

15th Tennessee, j Lieut.-Col. R. Dud- 

f ley Frayser. 
37th Tennessee, I Capt. R. M. Tank- 

J esley. 
2oth Tennessee : 

Col. Thomas B. Smith. 
Maj. W. M. Shy. 
Eufaula Artillery (.Alabama Battery), 
Capt. McDonald Oliver. 

Broivn s Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. JoH.v C. Brown. 
Col. Edmu.nd C. Cook. 
i8th Tennessee : 

Col. Joseph B. Palmer. 
Lieut.-Col. William R. Butler. 
Capt. Gideon H. Lowe. 



8o THE NATIONAL IMILITAKY PARK. 

26th Tennessee : 

Col. John M. l.illard. 

Maj. Richard M. Saffell. 
32d Tennessee : 

Col. Edmund C. Cook. 

Capt. Calaway G. Tucker. 
45th Tennessee, Col. Anderson Searcy. 
23d Tennessee Battalion : 

Maj. Tazewell W. Newman. 

Capt. W. P. Simpson. 
T. H. Dawson's (Georgia) Battery, Lieut. R. W. Anderson. 

Soon after noon, September 19th, Stewart moved north from the 
Park' House to assist Cheatham, and became severely engaged be- 
tween the Brock Field and Brotherton's, Clayton's Brigade penetra- 
ting the Union line at the latter point to the Tan-yard, and Bates' 
Brigade breaking it at Poe's. The division withdrew soon after 5 
o'clock, upon the advance of Union re-int'orcements. September 
2oth, at II A. M., the division assaulted the Union lines at the Poe 
House and on the south side of the Kelly Field, and withdrew about 
I o'clock to its first position. It took part in the general advance at 
5:30 P. M., and bivoucked about the Kelly House. 



PRESTON'S DIVISION (BUCKNER'S CORPS). 

llrig.-C'Fcn. William Preston. 
Gyacie's Brigade. Trigg's Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. Archib.\ld Gracie, Jr. Col. Rokek r C. Trigg. 

43d Alabama, Col. Young M. Moody. ist Florida Cavalry (dismounted). Col. 

ist Alabama Battalion : * G. Troup Maxwell. 

Lieut. -Col. John H. Holt. 6th Florida, Col. J. J. Finley. 

Capt. George W. Huguley. 7th Florida, Col. Robert Bullock. 

2d Alabama Battalion : * 54th Virginia, Lieut. -Col. John J. Wade. 

Lieut. -Col. Boiling Hall, Jr. 
Capt. W. D. Walden. 
3d Alabama Battalion, '■= Maj. John W. 

A. Sanford. 
4th .Alabama Battalion,! ^laj- John D. 

McLennan. 
63d Tennessee : 

Lieut. -Col. Abraham Fulkcrson. 
Maj. John A. Aiken. 



* Hilliard's Legion. 

f Artillery Battalion, Hilliard's Legion, serving as infantry. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 8l 

Third Brigade. Artillery Battalion. 

Col. John H. Kelly. Maj. A. Leyden. 

65th Georgia, Col. R. H. Moore. Jeffress' (Virginia) Battery, Capt, Will- 
5th Kentucky, Col. H. Hawkins. iam C. Jeffress. 

58th North Carolina, Col. John B. Pal- Peeples' (Georgia) Battery, Capt. Tyler 

mer. M. Peeples. 

63d Virginia, Maj, James M. French. Wolihin's (Georgia) Battery, Capt. An- 
drew M. VVolihin. 

September 19th, at 3 p. m., Trigg's Brigade took part in the battle 
at Viniard's. The division was not further engaged, until 4:20, Sep- 
tember 20th, when it joined in the assault on Snodgrass Hill and 
fought until sundown. At dusk it crossed the ridge to the right of 
Brannan and captured the greater part of three Union regiments, 
which were isolated there. 



RESERVE CORPS ARTILLERY. 

Maj. Samiel C. Willi.am.s. 

Baxter's (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. Edmund D, Baxter. 
Darden's (Mississippi) Battery, Capt. Putnam Darden. 
Kolb's (Alabama) Battery, Capt. R. F. Kolb. 
McCants' (Florida) Battery, Capt. Robert P. McCants. 

These four batteries, under command of Maj. Williams, crossed 
the river at Alexander's Bridge early on the 19th, and were posted 
as a reserve to Buckner's Corps. Baxter's Battery was then sent to 
Gracie's Brigade, and McCants' to Trigg's. The remaining bat- 
teries moved with Preston's Division, Sunday afternoon, to Brother- 
ton's, and about 5 p. m., advanced to the vicinity of Poe's, and 
opened fire, first with eight and then with eleven guns, upon the 
Union lines south of the Kelly Field. 



82 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



DETACHMENT FROM THE ARMY OF NORTHERN 
V^IRGINIA. 



LONGSTREET'S CORPS* (HOOD'S). 

Maj.-Gen. John B. Hood. 



McLAWS DIVISION HOODS CORPS). 

Brig.-tjen. Jcseph Brev.\rd Kershaw. 
Maj.-Gen. Lafayette McLaws. 



Wofford's Brigade.\ 
Brig. -Gen. William T. Wofford. 
i6th Georgia. 
i8th Georgia. 
24th Georgia. 

3d Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters. 
Cohb's (Georgia) Legion. 
Phillips' (Georgia) Legion. 



Kershaw's Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Joseph Brevard Kershaw. 
2d South Carolina, Lieut. -Col. Franklin 

Gaillard. 
3d South Carolina, Col. James D. Nance. 
7th South Carolina : 

Lieut. -Col. Elbert Bland. 
Maj. John S. Hard. 
Capt. E. J. Goggans. 
8th South Carolina, Col. John W. Hena- 

gan 
15th South Carolina, Col. Joseph F. Gist. 
3d South Carolina Battalion, Capt. 
Joshua M. Townsend. 

Humphreys' Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Benjamin G. Humphreys. 
13th Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. Kennon 

McElroy. 
17th Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. John C. 

Fiser. 

i8th Mississippi, Capt. W. F. Hubbard. 
2ist Mississippi, Lieut-Col. D. N. Moody. 

Was not present September 19th. September 20th, formed the 
second line east of Brotherton's. It followed Johnson's Division 
through the Union line, turned north through the Dver F'ield, 



Bryan's Brigade.^ 
Brig. -Gen. GooDE Bryan. 
loth Georgia. 
50th Georgia. 
51st Georgia. 
53d Georgia. 



* Army of Northern Virginia. Organization taken from return of that army for 
August 31, 1863. Pickett's Division was left in Virginia, 
t Did not arrive in time for the battle. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 83 

passed over Law's Division, which had been checked by Wood's 
troops, forced the latter back, and assaulted Snodgrass Hill. It was 
relieved hy Preston at 4:30 p. m. 



HOODS DIVISION (HOODS CORPS). 

Maj. Gen. John B. Hood. 

Brig. -Gen. Evanuer McIver Law, 

Jenkins' Brigade/'- Law' s Brigade. 

Brig. .Gen. Micah Jenkins. Brig. -Gen. Evander McIver L.\\v. 

ist South Carolina. Col. James L. Sheffield. 

ad South Carolina Rifles. Col. W. C. Gates. 

5th South Carolina. 4th Alabama, Col. Pinckney D. Bowles. 

6th South Carolina. 15th Alabama, Col. W. C. Oates. 

Hampton Legion. 44th Alabama, Col. William F. Perry. 

Palmetto Sharpshooters 47th Alabama, Maj. James M. Campbell. 

48th Alabama, Lieut. -Col. William M. 
Hardwick. 

Robertson s Brigade.^ Anderson s Brigade'- 

Brig-Gen. Jerome B. Robertson. Brig. -Gen. (Ieorge T. Anderson. 

Col. Van H. Manni.ng. 7th Georgia. 

3d Arkansas, Col. Van. H. Manning. 8th Georgia, 

ist Texas, Capt, R. J. Harding. 9th Georgia. 

4th Texas : nth Georgia. 

Col. John P. Bane. 59th Georgia. 

Capt. R. H. Bassett. 
5th Texas : 

Maj. J. C. Rogers. 
Capt. J. S. Cleveland. 
Capt. T. T. Clay. 

Benning's Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Henry L. Benning. 
2d Georgia : 

Lieut. -Col. William S. Shepherd. 
Maj. W. W. Charlton. 
15th Georgia : 

Col. Dudley M. DuBose. 
Maj. P. J. Shannon. 
17th Georgia, Lieut. -Col. Charles W. Matthew?. 
20th (Georgia, Col. J. D. Waddell. 

Septernber 19th, it was engaged about Viniard's from 2 p. m. until 
sunset. September 20th, it formed the third line east of Brother- 



* Did not arrive in time to take part in the battle, 
t Served first day in Johnson's Provisional Division. 



84 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



ton's. It advanced through the Union line, but was repulsed by 
Marker's Brigade of Wood's Division toward the north end of the 
Dver F^ield, and was not afterward engaged. 



JOHNSON'S DIVISION* (HOOD'S CORPS). 

Urig.-Gen. Bushkou R. Juhnson. 



Gregg' s Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. John Gregg. 
Col. Cyrus A. Sigg. 
3d Tennessee, Col. Calvin H. Walker, 
loth Tennessee, Col. William Grace. 
30th Tennessee : 

Lieut. -Col. James J. Turner. 

Capt. Charles S. Douglass. 

41st Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. James D. 

Tillman. 
50th Tennessee : 

Col. Cyrus .^.Sugg. 
Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Beau- 
mont. 
Maj. Christopher W. Robertson. 
Col. Calvin H. Walker (3d Ten- 



McNair s Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Evaxder McNair. 
Col. David Coleman. 
ist Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Col. 

Robert W. Harper. 
2d Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Col. 

James A. Williamson. 
25th Arkansas, Lieut. -Col. Eh Hufsted- 

ler. 
4th and 31st Arkansas and 4th Arkansas 

Battalion (consolidated) 

Maj. J. A. Ross. 
39th North Carolina, Col. David Cole- 
man. 
Culpeper's (South Carolina) Battery, 

Capt. James F. Culpeper. 



ist Tennessee Battalion : 

Maj. Stephen H. Colms. 
Maj. Christopher W. Robertson 
{50th Tennessee). 
7th Texas : 

Col. H. B. Granbury. 
Maj. K. M. Vanzandt. 
Bledsoe's Missouri Battery, Lieut. R. L. 
Wood. 

Joknson s Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson. 
Col. John S. Fi-lton. 
17th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. Watt W. Floyd. 
23d Tennessee, Col. R. H. Keeble. 
25th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. R. B. Snowden. 
44th Tennessee : 

Lieut. -Col. John S. McEwen, Jr. 
Maj. G. M. Crawford. 
Company E, 9th Georgia Artillery Battalion (Billington W. York's Battery), Lieut. 
William S. Everett. 

Forced a crossing of the Chickamauga at Reed's Bridge, Sep- 
tember iSth, and advanced nearly to Viniard's. Took part in the 
battle at that point during the afternoon of the 19th. Occupied the 

* A provisional organization, embracing Johnson's and part of the time Robert- 
son's Brigades, as well as Gregg's and McNair's. September 19th, attached to 
Longstreet's Corps, under Maj. -Gen. Hood. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 



85 



front line east of Brotherton's, September 20th ; penetrated the 
Union line, advanced over the ridge at the west side of the Dver 
P'ield and assaulted Snodgrass Hill at and west of Viditoe's until 
night. 

CORPS ARTILLERY- (LONGSTREET'S;. 

Col. E. Porter Alexander. 
Fickling's (South Carolina) Battery. Parker's (Virginia) Battery. 

Jordan's (Virginia) Battery. Taylor's (Virginia) Battery. 

Moody's (Louisiana) Battery. Woolfolk's (Virginia) Battery. 



RESERVE ARTILLERY. 

Maj. Felix H. Robertson'. 
Barret's (Missouri) Battery, Capt. Overton W. Barret. 
Havis' (Georgia) Battery, Capt. M. W. Havis. 
Lumsden's (Alabama) Battery, Capt. Charles L. Lumsden. 
Massenburg's (Georgia) Battery, Capt. T. L. Massenburg. 



FORREST'S CORPS CAVALRY), 

Brig. -Gen. N.\tha.\ Bedford Forrest. 

Escort. 

Jackson's Company Tennessee Cavalry, Capt. J. C. Jackson. 



ARMSTRONG'S DIVISION (FORREST'S CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. Frank C. Ak.ms trung. 



Armstrong's Brigade. 
Col. James T. Wheeler.. 
3d Arkansas, Col. A. Vf . Hobson. 
2d Kentucky, Lieut. -Col. Thomas G. 

Woodward. 
6th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. James H. 

Lewis. 
18th Tennessee Battalion, Maj. Charles 
McDonald. 



Forrest's Brigade. 
Col. George G. Dibrell. 

4th Tennessee, Col. Wm. S. McLemore. 

8th Tennessee, Capt. Hamilton McGin- 
nis. 

9th Tennessee, Col. Jacob B. Riffle. 

loth Tennessee, Col. Nicholas N. Co.\. 

nth Tennessee, Col. Daniel Wilson Hol- 
man. 

Shaw's Battalion, O. P. Hamilton's Bat- 
talion, and R. D. Allison's 
Squadron (consolidated), 
Maj. Joseph Shaw. 

Huggins' (Tennnessee) Battery (form- 
erly Freeman's), Capt. A. 
L. Huggins. 

Morton's (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. 
John W. Morton, Jr. 



Did not arrive in time for the battle. 



86 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK.. 

PEGRAM'S DIVISION ■■' (FORREST'S CORPS). 

r>rig.-Gen. John Pe(;kam. 
1^(17' I ti.io It's Brigade. Scctt' s Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. H. P.. Davidson. Col. John S. Scott. 

1st Georgia, Col. J. J. Morrison. loth Confederate, Col. C. T. Goode. 

6th Georgia, Col. John R. Hart. Detachment of John H. Morgan's com- 

6th North Carolina, Col. Geo. N Folk. mand, Lieut.-Col. R. M. 

Rucker's ist Tennessee Legion, Col. K. Martin. 

W. Rucker (i2th Tennessee ist Louisiana, Lieut.-Col. Jas. O. 
Battalion, Maj. G. W. Day, Nixon, 

and i6th Tennessee Battal- 2d Tennesssee, Col. H. M. Ashbj". 
ion, Capt. John Q. Arnold). 5th Tennessee, Col. Geo. W. McKenzie. 
Huwald's (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. N. T. , N. Robinson's (Louisiana) P>at- 
Gustave A. Huwald. tery (one section), Lieut. 

Winslow Robinson. 

September 19th, Dibbrell's, Davidson's, and part of Scott's 
Brigades became engaged with Brannan's troops near Jay's Mill at 
7:30 A. M., opening the battle of Chickamauga. Their engageinent 
continued until i p. m. September 20th, the corps formed the 
Confederate right east of Cloud's. At 11 a. m., it captured the 
Union hospitals at that point, but was driven from there at noon 
by Whitaker's Brigade of Granger's troops, which were advancing 
from McAfee's Church to Snodgrass Hill. 



WHEELER'S CORPS (CAVALRY) 

M.ij.Gen. Joseth Wheeler. 



■WHARTON'S DIVISION iWHEELER'S CORPS). 

lirig.-Gen. John A, Whakton. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Col. C. C. Crews. Col. Thomas Harriso.v. 

Malone's (Alabama) Regiment, Col. J. C. 3d Confederate, Col. W. N. Estes. 

Malone, Jr. istKentucky, Lieut.-Col. J. W. Clriffith. 

2d Georgia, Lieut.-Col. F. M. Ison. 4th Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. Paul F. \\\- 

3d Georgia, Col. R. Thompson. derson. 

4th Georgia, Col. Isaac W. Avery. 8th Texas, Lieut. -Cul. Gustave Cook. 

nth Texas, Col. G. R. Reeves. 
White's (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. B. 
F. White, Jr. 



'J'aken from Pegram's and Scott's reports and assignments. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 87 

MARTINS DIVISION iWHEELER'S CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. William T. Maktin. 

• First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Col. John T. Morgan. Col. A. A. Russell. 

ist Alabama, Lieut. -Col. D. T. Blakey. 4th Alabama (Russell's Regiment), 

3d Alabama, Lieut. -Col. T. H. JMauldin. Lieut. -Col. J. M. Hambrick. 

51st Alabama, Lieut. -Col. N. L. Kirk- ist Confederate, Capt. C. H. Conner. 

Patrick. J. H. Wiggins' (Arkansas) Battery, 

8th Confederate, Lieut. -Col. John S. Lieut. J. P. Bryant. 
Prather. 

These divisions operated along the upper fords of the Chicka- 
mauga during the 19th. September 20th, they crossed at Glass Mill, 
and forced Long's Brigade back to Crawfish Springs. They then re- 
crossed the river, proceeded to Lee and Gordon's, and advanced 
from that point- to Crawfish Springs, capturing the Union hospitals 
there about sundown. 




Chattanooga— LooKOLT Mountain— Missionary Ridge. 



CHATTANOOGA BRAGG'S INVESTMENT. 89 



CHAPTER VII. 

ROSECRANS AT CHATTANOOGA BRAGG'S INEVESTMENT.^'^ 

At midnight of September 20th, the Union army had 
reached Rossville, where it bivouacked under direction of 
Gen. Thomas, covering Rossville and McFarland's Gaps. 
During the night rations and ammunition were sent from 
Chattanooga by Gen. Rosecraiis. Early in the morning the 
various divisions and corps were assembled and placed in 
position. 

Crittenden's Corps occupied Missionary Ridge north of 
Rossville Gap, Thomas' Corps, the gap and the road to 
McFarland's Gap, and McCook's Corps, the mounted in- 
fantry and the cavalry, the Chattanooga Valley to Lookout. 

Palmer's Division of Crittenden's Corps held the point of 
Missionary Ridge next to Rossville Gap with Wood's Divi- 
sion to its left on the ridge, and Steedman's Division of 
Granger's Corps still to the left as a reserve. Van Cleve's 
Division was sent to Chattanooga during the night of the 
20th, and Dick's Brigade of that division with the 39th In- 
diana Mounted Infantry, Col. Harrison, was sent at i p. 
M. to hold the gaps in Missionary Ridge east of the city, 
and the bridge on the Harrison Road over the Chicka- 
mauga. 

Baird's Division of Thomas' Corps held Rossville Gap 
with Negley's Division thrown forward to the spurs over- 
looking the roads to Ringgold and the battle field. John 
Beatty's and D. McCook's Brigades held the point of the 
ridge next south of Rossville Gap. Brannan's and Reynolds' 
Divisions were placed across the road to McFarland's Gap, 
and Johnson's, Sheridan's, and Davis' Divisions of McCook's 



* See map, page no. 



90 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Corps continued the line westward across Chattanooga 
Valley. 

Mitchell's Cavalry occupied McFarland's Gap, and resisted 
the advance of Wheeler's Cavalry on that flank. Minty's 
Cavalry was thrown forward on the Ringgold Road to the 
vicinity of McAfee's Church. 

Except an advance of Forrest's command toward Ross- 
ville Gap on the La Fayette and Ringgold Roads, and of a 
part of Wheeler's command toward McFarland's Gap, and 
slight skirmishing with the Union lines, the latter were not 
disturbed during the day. 

During the night of the 21st, the Union army was with- 
drawn to Chattanooga. Crittenden's two divisions moved to 
their left along Missionary Ridge, followed at midnight by 
Steedman's Division. Thomas' Corps marched on the direct 
road from Rossville ; Brannan's Division occupied a line at 
dusk half way to the city, and held it until the other three 
divisions of the corps had passed, and followed them soon 
after midnight. McCook's Corps then withdrew by divisions 
from left to right. Each brigade of the army left its pickets 
with a regiment to support them, and Baird's Division re- 
mained as a reserve of all the pickets. In front of the in- 
fantry pickets was the cavalry. At daylight these covering 
lines of infantry withdrew and their places were taken by the 
cavalry. At an early hour Forrest advanced upon the latter 
at Rossville Gap, and Wheeler pressed Mitchell in Chatta- 
nooga Valley. McLaw's Infantry Division of Hood's Corps 
was sent forward to assist Forrest, and thus supported, the 
latter pushed forward to within two miles of Chattanooga to 
the vicinity of the Watkin's House. Gen. Wheeler formed 
a junction with him at that point. 

Meantime, the Union lines had been formed in front of 
Chattanooga with McCook's Corps on the right, Thomas' in 
the center, and Crittenden's on the left. By noon of Septem- 
ter 2 2d, this line was fairly covered by rifle pits. 



92 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Gen. Bragg's infantry began its march from the battle 
field on the afternoon of the 21st, Polk's wing beginning the 
movement, followed the next day by Longstreet's wing. 
Cheatham's Division led the column with orders for Hind- 
man's Division of the same corps (Polk's) to join it on the 
march. It was followed by Walker's Corps, and that by 
Hill's. The line of march was by Ringgold Bridge and 
Mission Mills toward Chickamauga Station. Cheatham's 
Division reached Shallow Ford the morning of the 2 2d, and 
moved thence on the direct road toward Chattanooga. At 9 
o'clock, he encountered the skirmishers of Dick's Brigade of 
Van Cleve's Division deployed east of Missionary Ridge, and 
at 2 p. M. occupied the ridge at the crossing of the Shallow 
Ford Road (now McCallie Avenue). 

A general movement upon Chattanooga was ordered for 7 
A. M., September 23d, the right wing by the Shallow Ford 
and Mission Mills Roads, and the left wing by the Rossville 
Road. Gen. Cheatham's Division formed in line of battle 
at the foot of the ridge west of the point where the Shallow 
Ford Road crosses it, with Hindman's (Anderson's) Division 
on its left, both divisions being sufficiently advanced from the 
ridge to allow Walker's Division to form in their rear as a 
general reserve to the right wing. Hill's Corps crossed the 
ridge on the Mission Mills Road. 

Gen. Longstreet's wing (left) moved on the direct road 
from Rossville, and reached the Watkin's. House, two miles 
from Chattanooga, at 11 A. M., and occupied the day in 
forming its lines from near the foot of Lookout Mountain to 
the left of Hill's Corps, which had advanced from the foot 
of Missionary Ridge on the Mission Mills Road. 

September 24th, a reconnaissance in force from the Union 
lines found the Confederates encamped beyond Chattanooga 
Creek, from the base of Lookout eastward through the 
Watkin's place to Missionary Ridge, and northward along 
the base of the ridge to a point beyond the Shallow Ford 
Road. 



CHATTAIsrOOGA BRAGG S INVESTMENT. 93 

September 25th, skirmishers were advanced along Bragg's 
entire front, to ascertain if the Union army was evacuating. 

Upon the Confederates appearing in force on Lookout 
Mountain, Gen. Rosecrans had retired McCook's Corps on 
the right to a position in the outskirts of the city, and occu- 
pied Moccasin Point, opposite Lookout. The Confederate 
right estabhshed a strong line through Orchard Knob, with 
its pickets thrown well forward toward Fort Wood, the east- 
ern salient of the Union line. 

The Confederate cavalry under Gen. Wheeler was sent 
north of the Tennessee to operate against the Union lines 
of supply. These latter were soon confined to the mountain 
roads over Walden's Ridge and the Cumberlands by the oc- 
cupation of the heights on the south side of the river by 
Gen. Longstreet's forces, at a point where they commanded 
the road along the north bank. 

During October, the Union army became very short of ra- 
tions, and the question of holding the city resolved itself 
into one of obtaining supplies. It was regarded as impossi- 
ble for Bragg to carry the Union works. 

Early in the month, the Twentieth and Twenty-first Corps 
were consolidated into the Fourth, Gens. McCook and 
Crittenden being relieved, and Gen. Gordon Granger be- 
ing placed in command of the new corps. October i6th. 
Gen. Grant was assigned to the command of the Union 
forces in and to be concentrated in the Departments of the 
Ohio and the Cumberland. He reached Chattanooga on 
the 23d. On the 19th, Gen. Thomas had succeeded Gen. 
Rosecrans. 

September 30th, the head of Gen. Hooker's command 
from the Army of the Potomac reached Bridgeport. This 
was composed of the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, of two 
divisions each. 

September 23d, the movement of four divisions of Grant's 
army on the Mississippi toward Chattanooga began at Vicks- 



94 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

burg. The head of Gen. Sherman's column reached Lookout 
Valley, November i8th. 

Both the Union and the Confederate armies were reorgan- 
ized during October, and on the 26th of that month, active 
operations began on the Union side for re-opening the Ten- 
nessee River to Bridgeport. 



THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN SKELETONIZED. 95 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN SKELETONIZED. 

The map which accompanies this chapter affords a rapid, 
comprehensive, and easy study of the Chickamauga cam- 
paign. 

It does not take notice of the details of maneuvering or 
concentration, but represents the respective armies as con- 
centrated and in hand for each of their successive move- 
ments. 

It shows (i) why Bragg was compelled to retire from Chat- 
tanooga to save his communications and await reinforce- 
ments ; and (2) the attempt of each army thereafter to thrust 
itself between the other and Chattanooga, in the struggle for 
the final possession of that city — the objective of Rosecrans' 
campaign. 

September 7, 1863, Gen. Bragg held Chattanooga. 

September 7th, Gen. Rosecrans having crossed the Cum- 
berland Mountains, the Tennessee River, and the Raccoon 
Range south of it, began to cross Lookout Mountain into 
the rear of Chattanooga. This movement is fully set forth 
on the map of the theater of campaign. See Chapter II. 

The center of the army September 8th was twenty-six 
miles south of the city, near Stevens' Gap, and the right 
forty-two miles south of it. 

The night of September 7th Bragg withdrew to La Fayette 
behind Pigeon Mountains, opposite Rosecrans' center, and 
established his army there September 8th. 

Rosecrans, until September 12th, was operating against 
Bragg in the direction of La Fayette, upon the theory that 
he was in retreat upon Rome, when, at that date, he was 




CmCKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN SKELETONIZED. 



THE CHICKAMAUGA CAMPAIGN SKELETOXIZEO. 97 

found to have been reinforced, and concentrating toward Lee 
and Gordon's Mill for battle. Rosecrans was obliged to wait 
several days for McCook's Corps to arrive on his right. On 
the 17th he moved to Crawfish Springs. 

September 17th Bragg had moved northward and was 
found on Rosecrans' left flank south of Lee and Gordon's Mill. 

September i8th, at night, the left of Rosecrans was along 
the La Fayette Road, a mile north of Lee and Gordon's 
toward Chattanooga. 

September i8th, during the afternoon and night, Bragg 
crossed the Chickamauga, and formed, facing the La Fayette 
Road, beyond Rosecrans' left flank, with the purpose of at- 
tacking that flank in the morning of the 19th, driving it 
back on the Union right, and the whole away from Chat- 
tanooga, and back into the mountains. 

But the same night, September i8th, Rosecrans had moved 
his- right and center several miles to the left of Bragg's new 
position, and formed at daylight across the La Fayette, or 
Chattanooga Road, and eastward to the Chickamauga. At 
7:30 A. M. his left attacked Forrest's Cavalry Corps, which 
was near Reed's Bridge, guarding Bragg's right and rear. 

September 19th, Bragg's plan of battle being destroyed, he 
moved to his right, and the first day's battle of Chickamauga 
followed. At its close Rosecrans was fully between Bragg 
and Chattanooga. 

September 20th the second day's battle of Chickamauga 
took place, Bragg's plan still being to gain the La Fayette 
Road beyond Rosecrans' left flank. At the close of the bat- 
tle he had succeeded in this, as the map shows. 

September 20th, at night, Gen. Thomas moved the army 
through McFarland's Gap to Rossville, and at midnight 
formed it across the La Fayette Road again in the gap and 
on Missionary Ridge to the right and left of it, and across the 
plain toward Lookout Mountain. A considerable portion of 
the Union army had been forced off the field early in the day, 
but nearly all of this was assembled at Rossville. 



98 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Throughout the 21st the Army of the Cumberland remained 
in position there, across Bragg's direct road to Chattanooga, 
offering battle. 

September 21st Bragg moved to his right parallel to Mis- 
sionary Ridge and beyond Rosecrans' left. 

The night of September 21st the Union army marched to 
Chattanooga. At sunrise of the 2 2d its lines were estab- 
lished around the city, and Rosecrans was in full possession. 

September 22d Bragg crossed Missionary Ridge, and an 
attack upon Chattanooga was ordered for September 23d. 
This, however, was not delivered, and an investment of 
the city was undertaken. 



Rli-OPENING OF THE TENNESSEE — BROWN'S FERRY. 99 



CHAPTER IX. 

RE-OPENING OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER — THE BROWN's FERRY 

AFFAIR. 

In four weeks, Chattanooga had been so strongly fortified 
as to defy attack. October 13th, the army was receiving 
three-fourths rations, and upon that day 300,000 full rations, 
arrived. Ten days before, Gen. Wheeler, in his noted raid 
north of the river, had destroyed nearly 300 wagons, and the 
fall rains had so softened the roads that the trains could haul 
but little more than forage enough to last the animals during 
the trip of sixty miles over the mountains from Bridgeport. 
The re-opening of the river to the latter point therefore be- 
came imperative. 

Gen. Rosecrans had been ready to undertake the move- 
ment upon Gen. Hooker's arrival at Bridgeport. The latter 
reached that point October ist, and the same day was ordered 
by Gen. Rosecrans to lay his bridges and make immediate 
preparations to cross the river and move toward Chattanooga. 
But Gen. Hooker's wagon trains had been turned in at x^lex- 
andria when his troops started for the west, under the belief 
that he could be at once refitted at Nashville. Being 
without means of supplying his troops, he could not move 
forward. Gen. Rosecrans repeated his order, October 12th, 
directing Gen. Hooker to move up to Wauhatchie to assist in 
opening the river, but, for the same reason, he was still un- 
able to do so. 

October 19th, tlie order was again given by Gen. Rose- 
crans for the troops at Bridgeport to be ready to move. 
That day he rode as far as Brown's Ferry with Gen. W. F. 
Smith, his chief engineer, and Gen. J. J. Reynolds, his chief 



RE-OPENING OF THE TENNESSEE — BROWN S FERRY. lOI 

of Staff, making a general examination of the river with re- 
spect to selecting a point below Lookout Mountain for throw- 
ing the bridges, and a special examination of Brown's Ferry- 
where the bridge was finally thrown. The plan was that of 
Gen. Rosecrans. The details were left to Gen. Smith. 

A glance at the map will show the features of the project. 
It is but a few miles from Chattanooga across the narrow 
neck of Moccasin Point to Brown's Ferry. The latter point 
was on the old stage road to Nashville, and beyond the reach 
of the Confederate batteries on Lookout. If Gen. Hooker 
could march from Bridgeport along the south side of the 
river to that point, boats could ascend to it, or near it, and 
the wagon haul into the city would then be but six or eight 
miles. The movement would also open two wagon roads to 
Bridgeport, one on each side of the river. 

Upon reaching his headquarters after his return from re- 
connoitering Brown's Ferry, Gen. Rosecrans found an order 
relieving him and putting Gen. Thomas in command, and at 
daylight he left for the north. The same night, Gen. Thomas 
directed Gen. Hooker to be ready to obey the order 
given him in the morning by Gen. Rosecrans. But Gen. 
Hooker's trains did not reach him till October 25th and 26th. 
At daylight of the 27th, he crossed to the south side of the 
river and moved toward Chattanooga in execution of his part 
of the plan for opening the river. 

Gen. Grant had arrived, October 23d. The plans for the 
movement were explained to him by Gen. Thomas, and ap- 
proved, and Gen. Smith was directed to execute them and 
given command of the movement from Chattanooga. 

Gen. Rosecrans had selected Brown's Ferry as the point 
for throwing his bridge. At this place a low ridge ran on 
the south bank parallel to the river, and the road from the 
ferry penetrated it through a gorge. This was held by the 
enemy, and the Contederate pickets along the river bank ex- 
tended seven miles up stream to the mouth of Chattanooga 
Creek, and down stream to the bluffs of Raccoon Mountain. 



RE-OPENING OF THE TENNESSEE — BROWN S FERRY. 103 

The plan involved simultaneous movements from Chatta- 
nooga and Bridgeport. Gen. Thomas' troops were to seize 
Brown's Ferry ; and Gen. Hooker was to cross the river at 
Bridgeport, march by Whitesides to Wauhatchie and Brown's 
Ferry, and occupy Lookout Valley. 

For the seizure of Brown's Ferry, fifty pontoons with oars 
were prepared at Chattanooga, each having room for the 
crew and twenty-five infantry men, and two flat-boats to carry 
forty and seventy-five men, respectively. 

The troops assigned to the expedition were the brigades 
of Gen. Turchin, of Baird's Division of the Fourteenth 
Corps, and Gen. Hazen, of Wood's Division of the Fourth 
Corps. The boat and bridge construction was in charge of 
Capt. P. V. Fox, of the Michigan Mechanics and Engineers. 

Fifteen hundred men were put into the boats at the Chat- 
tanooga Landing the night of October 26th, and at 3 a. m. 
of the 27th, the flotilla of fifty-two boats, with 1,600 men, in- 
cluding the crews, all under the command of Gen. Hazen, 
and accompanied by Gen. Smith, rowed to the north shore 
and started down the river. By previous observations of 
logs floating from the city to Brown's Ferry, the starting was 
so timed as to reach the latter point at daybreak. The col- 
umn of boats proceeded without discovery under the shadows 
of the willows on the north bank along the whole seven miles 
of the enemy's pickets on the south shore, and, guided by 
range lights, landed, surprised the pickets at the ferry, and 
hastily occupied the position and points above it. The boats 
were then rowed across the river, to which point the re- 
mainder of the force, that had not come in the pontoons, 
had been marched under command of Gen. Turchin. These 
crossed rapidly and occupied the ridge below the ferry. By 
daylight, the position was strongly protected by felled timber. 
The losses in the skirmishing incident to seizing the position 
were 6 killed, 23 wounded, and 9 missing. The picketing 
of the river next below Lookout, and the station at Brown's 
Ferry, was in charge of the Fourth and Fifteenth Alabama 



I04 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Regiments, of Law's Brigade, Hood's Division, Longstreet's 
Corps. After October 23d, this brigade was the only Con- 
federate force west of Lookout Mountain. Withdrawing 
their pickets, these regiments retired to Lookout Creek, 
where they were joined by the rest of the brigade. In the 
affair at the ferry, Col. W. C. Oates, of the Fifteenth Ala- 
bama, was severely wounded. Gen. Hooker left Bridgeport 
at daylight of the 27th of October, and encamped at White- 
sides. The next afternoon, at 3 o'clock, his head of column 
reached Wauhatchie, where Geary's Division of the Twelfth 
Corps went into camp, at the junction of the Kelly's Ferry 
Road; while the Eleventh Corps marched on, reaching 
Brown's Ferry at 5 o'clock. 

The Union forces having fully occupied Lookout Valley, 
thus commanding the river to Brown's Ferry and the wagon 
roads to Chattanooga on both banks of the river, had 
opened safe and speedy lines of supplies. The question of 
holding these communications was decided in their favor by 
the battle of Wauhatchie, which occurred the succeeding 
ni<iht. 



RE-OPENING OF THE TENNESSEE — WAUHATCHIE. 1 05 



CHAPTER X. 

RE-OPENING OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER — BATTLE OF WAU- 
HATCHIE. 'i' 

At 3 P. M. on the 28th of October, the head of Gen. 
Hooker's column arrived from Bridgeport at Wauhatchie 
Station, in Lookout Valley. Gen. Steinwehr's Division of 
the Eleventh Corps led, followed by Gen. Schurz's Division, 
with Gen. O. O. Howard in command of the corps. This 
force continued to Brown's Ferry, where, at 5 p. m., it 
united with the troops from Chattanooga, which had oc- 
cupied that point the day before. Upon reaching the junc- 
tion of the road over the point of Lookout to Chattanooga 
with the road to Brown's Ferry, the head of the column 
was fired upon from the right near the railroad bridge by 
troops of Law's Brigade, which had retired from Brown's 
Ferry the preceding day. This attack was repulsed, and the 
Confederate troops withdrew across Lookout Creek to the 
foot of Lookout Mountain. 

Two brigades of Gen. Geary's Division of the Twelfth 
Corps reached Wauhatchie at 4:30 p. m., and took position 
at the Kelly's Ford Road. This was three miles from Gen. 
Schurz's camp, near Brown's Ferry. Gen. Geary directed 
his troops to bivouac on their arms, with their cartridge boxes 
on. Shortly after midnight, his lines were suddenly and 
heavily assaulted by Jenkins' Brigade of Hood's Division. 

Gen. Longstreet was in command of the left of the Con- 
federate line in Chattanooga Valley east of the mountain, 
with Law's Brigade of Hood's Division in Lookout Valley 
west of it. The chief duty of this brigade was to picket the 
river to its passage through the Raccoon Range, six miles 



* See map. page 100. 



Io6 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

below Brown's Ferry. From this lower point, it had been 
able to prevent the Union army from using the river road to 
Bridgeport, on the north bank, and thus forced it to bring 
its supplies by mountain roads. 

The advance of Gen. Flooker's forces from Shellmound 
was reported to Gen. Longstreet in the afternoon of the 27th, 
but not credited by Gen. Bragg. While the latter was with 
Longstreet on the mountain, during the afternoon of the 
28th, for the purpose of examining the position of the Union 
forces at Brown's Ferry, with a view to a movement by Gen. 
Longstreet to dislodge them, the head of Gen. Hooker's col- 
umn came in view beyond Wauhatchie, and marched in 
plain sight of these generals to a junction with the forces at 
Brown's Ferry. In an hour, they saw Gen. Geary's troops 
arrive at Wauhatchie, and halt there three miles in rear of 
the rest of the column. It was immediately decided to 
make a night attack on them, and, if this succeeded, to turn 
the attacking force toward Brown's Ferry, attempt to carrry 
that position, and force those holding it over the river. It 
was necessary that the entire movement should be completed 
during the night, since the Union batteries at Moccasin 
Point so swept the north slopes of the mountain as to make 
it impossible for a column to cross it during daylight. 

Gen. Jenkins, commanding Hood's Division, was sent for 
by Gen. Longstreet, and reached the summit in time to 
closely observe the Union positions before dark. He was 
ordered to concentrate at the foot of the mountain three 
brigades of his division which were east of it, and be ready 
to cross the moment it was dark enough to conceal his troops 
from the Moccasin Point batteries. Gen. Law's Brigade was 
ordered to move forward as soon as it was dusk, from the 
lower bridge over Lookout Creek near its mouth, and occupy 
the ridge near the junction of the road from the creek with 
the road to Brown's Ferry. This ridge commanded the 
iatter. 

Upon the arrival of the three brigades from the east side 



RE-OPENING OF THE TENNESSEE — WAUHAICHIF,. 107 

of the mountain, Gen. Jenkins sent Robertson's Brigade to 
the support of Law's Brigade that had reached the ridge to 
Avhich it was ordered. Gen. Robertson's regiments were 
disposed on the right and left of Law's, and also guarded the 
bridge and picketed a line to the mouth of Lookout Creek. 

Jenkins' Brigade of six regiments, under command of Col. 
Bratton, was ordered to advance on the force at Wauhatchie, 
while Benning's Brigade was held on the left of Law's posi- 
tion, ready to reinforce Bratton. 

Col. Bratton attacked Gen. Geary's lines shortly after mid- 
night, finding them fully formed, although he had advanced 
without skirmishers. Gen. Geary's outposts had given 
timely warning, and the troops had bivouacked in line with 
their accouterments on. The fighting continued at close 
quarters for three hours, when the Confederates withdrew. 

Eight regiments of Gen. Geary's command had not come 
up, leaving six and a battery available for action. Two 
held an important position, but were engaged only for a few 
minutes. Gen. Geary's loss was 34 killed, 174 wounded, 8 
missing; total, 216. The loss in Col. Bratton's attacking 
brigade of six regiments was 31 killed, 286 wounded, 39 
missing ; total, 356. 

When the firing opened on Geary's line. Gen. Howard 
ordered Gen. Schurz's Division forward, with directions to 
push its leading brigade as rapidly as possible to Geary. 
Smith's Brigade of Steinwehr's Division, when passing the 
position occupied in the afternoon by Law's Brigade, was 
fired upon from its wooded crest, which was parallel to the 
road. Smith at once assaulted it, under a heavy fire from 
the summit, and carried it. Tyndale's Brigade of Schurz's 
Division soon after came under a sharp fire from a more 
southern crest overlooking the road on which it was proceed- 
ing toward Geary, and, after a sharp engagement, carried 
the hill by a charge. The enemy withdrew across Lookout 
Creek, and Gen. Jenkins regained his camps on the east side 
of the mountain before daylight. As a result of these opera- 



Io8 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

tions, the Confederates abandoned Lookout Valley west of 
the creek, and thenceforth the Union army at Chattanooga 
had uninterrupted communication, by way of Brown's Ferry, 
with Bridgeport and Stevenson, both by the river and the 
wagon roads on each bank. 

A season of great activity followed on the part of Gen. 
Grant's forces, to prepare for offensive operations. Supplies 
of all kinds, clothing, ammunition, and heavy guns were 
rapidly brought forward, and the day of attack finally de- 
pended ujjon the arrival of Gen. Sherman's reinforcements. 



BAITLE OF CHATTANOOGA. I09 



CHAPTER XI. 

BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA — ORCHARD KNOR— LOOKOUT MOUN- 
TAIN — MISSIONARY RIDGE. 

Gen. Grant's orders for attacking Bragg's position on Mis- 
sionary Ridge were sent to Gen. Thomas, Wednesday, No- 
vember 18, directing the movement to begin Saturday, the 
2ist, at dayhght. On account of the impossibiUty of Gen. 
Sherman's troops arriving in time, the attack was first post- 
poned until Sunday, then until Tuesday morning, when, the 
same conditions still existing, it was delayed until the next 
day. The battle opened on Wednesday afternoon, Novem- 
ber 23d, by a movement of Gen. Thomas against Orchard 
Knob, not contemplated in the original order. 

Gen. Grant's order of battle was as follows : 

Headqua-rters Military Division of the Mississippi, 
Chattanooga, Tenn., November i8, 1863. 
Major-General Geo. H. Thomas, 

Commanding Department and Army of the Cumberhind. 
General — All preparations should be made for attacking 
the enemy's position on Missionary Ridge by Saturday morn- 
ing at daylight. Not being provided with a map giving 
names of roads, spurs of the mountain, and other places, 
such definite instructions can not be given as might be desira- 
ble. However, the general plan, you understand, is for 
Sherman, with his force brought with him, strengthened by 
a division from your command, to effect a crossing of the 
Tennessee River just below the mouth of the Chickamauga; 
his crossing to be protected by artillery from the heights on 
the north bank of the river (to be located by your chief of 




Chattanooga — Lookolt Mountain — Missionary Rid(;e. 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. Ill 

artillery), and to carry the heights from the northern extrem- 
ity to about the railroad tunnel, before the enemy can con- 
centrate a force against him. 

You will co-operate with Sherman. The troops in Chatta- 
nooga Valley should be well concentrated on your left flank, 
leaving only the necessary force to defend fortifications on 
the right and center, and a movable column of one division 
in readiness to move wherever ordered. This division 
should show itself as threateningly as possible, on the most 
practicable line for making an attack up the valley. Your 
effort will then be to form a junction with Sherman, making 
your advance well toward the north end of Missionary Ridge, 
and moving as near simultaneously with him as possible. The 
junction once formed and the ridge carried, communications 
will be at once established between the two armies, by roads 
on the south bank of the river. Further movements will 
then depend on those of the enemy. 

Lookout Valley, I think, will be easily held by Geary's 
Division and what troops you may still have there belonging 
to the old x\rmy of the Cumberland. Howard's Corps can then 
be held in readiness to act either with you at Chattanooga, or 
with Sherman. It should be marched on Friday night to a 
position on the north side of the river, not lower down than 
the first pontoon bridge, and there held in readiness for such 
orders as may become necessary. 

All the troops will be provided with two days' cooked ra- 
tions in their haversacks, and one hundred rounds of ammu- 
nition on the person of each infantry soldier. 

Special care should be taken by all officers to see that am- 
munition is not wasted, or unnecessarily fired away. You 
will call on the engineering department for such preparations 
as you may deem necessary for crossing your infantry and 
artillery over Citico Creek. 

I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

U. S. Grant, 
Ma/or- General U. S. Volunteers, Commanding. 



112 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

While General Thomas immediately made all preparations 
in accordance with this plan, it was materially changed in its 
execution at each succeeding stage of the battle. 

At the opening of the engagement which continued through 
the 23d, 24th, and 25th of November, the Union forces were 
disposed as follows : 

The divisions of Wood, Baird, Sheridan, and Johnson, of 
the Army of the Cumberland, held the fortifications of Chat- 
tanooga, while Jeff. C. Davis' Division, of the same army, 
had been sent over the river to cover the point of crossing 
for Sherman's army three miles above. 

The Eleventh Corps of Hooker's command had been 
brought into the city on the 2 2d, and camped on the right of 
Fort Wood. 

During the 23d. three divisions of Gen. Sherman's troops, 
namely, Morgan L. Smith's, Ewing's, and John E. Smith's, 
which had marched from Bridgeport and Shellmound and 
crossed the river at Brown's Ferry, reached their destination 
near the mouth of North Chickamauga ready for crossing 
during the night to a point below the north end of Mis- 
sionary Ridge. 

Gen. Hooker, on the night of the 23d, had with him, in 
Lookout Valley, Geary's Division of the Twelfth Corps, 
Cruft's Division of the Fourth Corps, and Osterhaus' Division 
of Sherman's army. The latter had not been able to join 
Gen. Sherman, owing to the breaking of the bridge at 
Brown's Ferry. 

Forty guns had been placed in position on the north bank 
by Gen. Brannan, Gen. Thomas' Chief of Artillery, to assist 
in covering Gen. Sherman's crossing, and the only cavalry 
with the Army of the Cumberland (Long's Brigade) was 
sent to protect Sherman's left flank during the crossing, and 
to co-operate with him after he should reach the south side. 

The Confederate forces, on the morning of November 23d, 
were thus disposed : 

Three divisions of Hardee's Corps held Lookout Moun- 



RATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. I I3 

tain and the line of works from its eastern base to Chatta- 
nooga Creek. The top of the mountain was occupied by- 
Stevenson's Division, the northern and western slopes by 
Cheatham's Division, and the line eastward to Chattanooga 
Creek by Walker's Division. 

Three divisions of Breckinridge's Corps held the line of 
earthworks from Chattanooga Creek to a point near the west- 
ern foot of Missionary Ridge, in the vicinity of the Shallow 
Ford Road (now McCallie Avenue). The left of Stewart's 
Division rested on Chattanooga Creek, Bate's Division was 
on Stewart's right, and Hindman's (Patton Anderson), on the 
right of Bate, formed the right of the Confederate line. 
Missionary Ridge was not occupied in force, the Confederate 
camps being at the base of it, and stretching across the plain 
to Lookout. 

Longstreet's Corps, consisting of McLaw's and Hood's 
Divisions, had been sent to Knoxville, November 4th. 
Buckner's Division of Breckinridge's Corps, and Cleburne's 
of Hardee's Corps, had started for Knoxville on the 22d. 

The Confederates had no cavalry in the battle. 

First Day's Operations — Advance on Orchard Knob. 
Gens. Grant and Thomas, during the delays attending 
Gen. Sherman's movements, had been much concerned lest 
their purposes should become known to Gen. Bragg. On 
the night of the 2 2d, a deserter came in, who declared that 
the Confederates were withdrawing. On the 23d, Gen. 
Thomas was directed to test this statement by driving in the 
enemy's pickets, and ascertaining whether he still held his 
camps in the valley. A reconnoissance in force was at once 
organized, and five divisions were posted to participate if 
developments made it necessary. The divisions of Wood 
and Sheridan of the Fourth Corps (Granger's) were deployed 
soon after noon on the slope east of Fort Wood. Schurz's 
and Steinwehr's Divisions of the Eleventh Corps (Howard's) 
were placed to the left and rear of this line, and Baird's 



114 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK 

Division of the Fourteenth Corps (Pahner's) to its right and 
rear. 

Wood's Division, upon the order to advance being given, 
went forward with great rapidity, and soon reached and, 
after sharp fighting, occupied Orchard Knob. Sheridan's 
Division pushed forward to the low elevations to the right 
and rear of the knob. The Eleventh Corps advanced to 
Citico Creek. The movement developed the fact that the 
Confederates still occupied their lines in force. The important 
position thus gained was strengthened and held. 

Orchard Knob and the low ranges south of it were formid- 
able outposts of the Confederate line in front of Missionarv 
Ridge, and were the strong points of their position in the 
plain. The troops defending them were mainly from Ander- 
son's Division. They continued fighting till overwhelmed. 

The advance of the Union forces, and the results of the 
day's operations, led to several changes in the disposition of 
the Confederate forces. Gen. Cleburne, who was at Chicka- 
mauga station attending to the transportation to Knoxville of 
his own and Buckner's (Bushrod Johnson's) Divisions, was 
ordered to return in haste to Missionary Ridge, and to order 
back Johnson's Division, which had started, but halted 
at Charleston. Cleburne returned with his division and 
Reynolds' Brigade of Johnson's Division. The latter was 
sent into the trenches at the western foot of Missionary 
Ridge, and remained there until the general assault upon 
the ridge by the Army of the Cumberland on the afternoon 
of November 25th. 

Cleburne's Division at daybreak of the 24th began the 
construction of earthworks along the crest of the ridge from 
Bragg's Headquarters to the crossing of the Shallow Ford 
Road (McCallie Avenue). 

On the 23d, Marcus J. Wright's Brigade of Cheatham's 
Division, stationed at Charleston, was also ordered to return 
by the first train, guard the Shallow Ford and railroad bridges 
over the Chickamauga, and proceed to the mouth of that 



Il6 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Stream to resist any attempted crossing of the Tennessee. 
Gen. Wright reached the lower railroad bridge over the 
Chickamauga, and was there attacked from the opposite side of 
the creek by forces from Gen. Sherman's command, which 
had crossed the Tennessee before Wright's arrival. 

On the evening of the 23d, Walker's Division was with- 
drawn from the line between the eastern base of Lookout 
Mountain and Chattanooga Creek, and sent to the extreme 
right of Bragg's line, where it was posted on Missionary 
Ridge with its right resting about a mile and a quarter from 
the north end of the ridge. The position vacated by 
Walker's Division was occupied by Jackson's Brigade of 
Cheatham's Division and Cumming's Brigade of Stevenson's 
Division, which were brought down from Lookout. Walker's 
was the first Confederate division to occupy the ridge in the 
movements attending the battle. 

Second Day's Operations — Battle of Lookout Moi/ntain. 

On the 2 2d, Gen. Thomas urged Gen. Grant to allow 
Gen. Hooker to make a demonstration against Lookout 
Mountain with his own troops, and the two divisions of Gen. 
Sherman's which had been prevented from crossing the river 
by the breaking of the bridge at Brown's Ferry. Gen. Grant 
consented, so far as to agree that Hooker might make a 
demonstration with his own, and such troops as might be on 
his side of the river at the time Gen. Sherman should reach 
the position assigned him. The evening of the 23d, Gen. 
Sherman was ready to cross the river at North Chickamauga 
with three of his divisions, the fourth, Osterhaus', being still 
detained in Lookout Valley by the broken bridge. 

At 3:15 o'clock A. M. of the 24th, it was decided that there 
was no chance for Osterhaus to cross in time to join Gen. 
Sherman's movement, and Gen. Hooker's orders for the at- 
tack on the mountain were issued. 

His force for the demonstration consisted of Geary's Divi- 
sion of the Twelfth Corps, Cruft's (two brigades) of the 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. II7 

Fourth, which had marched from SheUmound and White- 
sides during the 23d, Osterhaus' (two brigades) of the 
Fifteenth, Battery K, First Ohio, and. I, First New York' of 
the Eleventh Corps, part of the Second Kentucky Cavalry, 
and Company K, Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry. Three regi- 
ments from each of Cruft's Brigades of nine regiments each 
were left at Shellmound and Whitesides, and Geary's picket 
force from Lookout Creek to Raccoon Mountain was left in 
position. Gen. Hooker's aggregate force for the attack 
was 9,681. 

The Confederate force, available to oppose him, consisted 
of Walthall's, Jackson's, and Moore's Brigades of Cheat- 
ham's Division, and Pettus', Brown's, and Cummings' of 
Stevenson's Division. 

Walthall's Brigade was posted in a line of rough works on 
the west slope of the mountain at the same elevation as the 
Craven Flouse plateau, overlooking Lookout Valley. The 
left of his line was protected by slashed timber, and rested 
about 1,500 feet south of the north point of the palisades. 
Nearly one third of the brigade was on picket duty in Look- 
out Valley along a line about a mile in extent, and most of 
this force was captured. 

Moore's Brigade was on the eastern slope of the moun- 
tain east of and below the Craven House. 

Pettus' and Brown's Brigades were on the top of the moun- 
tain, the latter guarding various trails on the western edge of 
the summit from the north point to Nickajack trace ten 
miles south of it. Jackson's and Cummings' Brigades were 
at the foot of the eastern slope. 

Gen. Hooker's movement began at daylight, November 
24th. Gen. Geary's Division, followed by Whitaker's Bri- 
gade of Cruft's Division, taking the road which turns down 
toward Lookout Creek just south of Wauhatchie Station, 
crossed that stream at Light's Mill without opposition. Cob- 
ham's Brigade, followed by Ireland's, marched by the flank 
directly up the mountain till the head of the column reached 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. 



119 



the palisades. The Hne then faced toward the north point 
of the mountain. Candy's Brigade formed on its left slightly 
echeloned to the rear, and VVhitaker, at starting, formed the 
reserve. After marching nearly a mile and a half, Geary 
struck the left flank of VValthall's works. Meantime, 
Osterhaus' Division, followed by Grose's Brigade of Cruft's 
Division, had crossed Lookout Creek about a half mile above 
the railroad bridge, and advanced with Williamson's Brigade 
on the right and Woods' on its left. Four regiments of 
Grose's troops were on the right of Williamson, and two on 
the left of Woods'. The left of this line followed the road 
to Chattanooga, along the crest of the river bluffs, while the 
right reached to the vicinity of the Craven House. Geary's 
lines conforming to the slope, moved upon the flank of Wal- 
thall's works, passed along their entire length, and swung 
around upon the Craven House plateau, there uniting with 
Osterhaus' line. Walthall's Brigade, which fought stub- 
bornly, and unassisted, except by sharpshooters and some 
artillery firing from the summit, which, on account of the fog, 
was of little consequence, was forced about four hundred 
yards east of the Craven House. His line' had at no time 
reached below Craven's and at his final stand extended from 
the road leading east from Craven's to the foot of the pali- 
sades. Here, after the Union advance had been checked, it 
was relieved by Pettus' Brigade, and retired to procure am- 
munition. It returned at once to Pettus' line, which was 
extended 150 yards down the mountain, to connect with the 
left of Moore's Brigade. This line was then held covering 
the Summertown Road, by which, during the night, the en- 
tire Confederate force was withdrawn from the mountain. 

During the action, the Union batteries upon Moccasin 
Point were in active play upon the mountain. A portion of 
Gen. Brown's Brigade upon the summit was busy during the 
day as sharpshooters and in rolling rocks upon the plateau 
below. Two Napoleon guns upon the extreme point shelled 
the Union forces after they reached the Craven House. The 



I20 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

day was foggy and misty throughout, and the firing from the 
summit was of necessity inaccurate. 

Just before night CarHn's Brigade of Johnson's Division 
crossed Chattanooga Creek near its mouth, pushed up 
the mountain to the Craven House, carrying supphes of am- 
munition, and reheved the right of Geary's hne next to the 
paUsades. Picket firing continued throughout the night. In 
the morning it was found that the enemy had abandoned the 
mountain, the object of'the resistance during the night having 
been to cover the Summertown Road as the Hne of retreat. 

Sherman's Crossing. 

While Gen. Hooker was organizing to attack Lookout 
Mountain, at dayHght of the 24th, Gen. Sherman's forces 
were crossing the Tennessee from the mouth of North Chicka- 
mauga, six miles above Chattanooga 

One hundred and sixteen boats with oarsmen, and twenty- 
five additional boats ready to follow, were prepared at North 
Chickamauga. The landing place selected was two miles 
and a half below, about the mouth of the South Chickamauga. 
At midnight of- the 23d the boats were filled by Giles 
A. Smith's Brigade of Morgan L. Smith's Division and 
floated down and across to a point above the mouth of the 
latter stream. A landing was effected, and all the enemy's 
pickets but one captured. The boats then returned for the 
rest of this division, which was landed below the mouth of 
the South Chickamauga. The division of John E. Smith fol- 
lowed, and at daylight 8,000 men were over the river and in 
line near it, west of and facing Tunnel Hill.' Ewing's Divis- 
ion and the artillery and horses for the generals and staff 
were next ferried over in the steamer Dunbar, under the 
direction of Gen. James H. Wilson, the assistant of Gen. W. 
F. Smith, Chief Engineer, who had charge of all preparations 
for the crossing, and the execution of the movement. At 
12:30 p. M. the bridge was completed, (jen. Sherman was 
the first to cross. He was met on the south shore by Gen. 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. 12 1 

Howard of the Eleventh Corps, who had ridden unmolested 
from Chattanooga with his escort accompanied by three regi- 
ments of infantry. Gen. Jeff. C. Davis' Division of the Army 
of the Cumberland, which, with forty pieces of artillery 
posted by Gen. Brannan, Chief of Artillery to Gen. Thomas, 
had covered the construction of the bridge and the crossing, 
came over last. 

At I o'clock the advance toward Missionary Ridge began. 
This had been designed to carry the north end of the Ridge 
to the tunnel before the enemy could concentrate for its de- 
fense. Morgan L. Smith's Division held the left of the line, 
John E. Smith's the center, and Ewing's the right rear. 
Davis' Division followed as a reserve to the whole. 

At the time this movement began the north end of Mis- 
sionary Ridge was not occupied by the Confederates. The 
nearest force of the enemy was the right of Walker's Divis- 
ion then resting on the crest of the ridge, a mile and a quarter 
south of its northern extremity. 

Because of the want of sufficient reconnoisance, and the 
misty atmosphere, the march, instead of being directed 
against the north end of Missionary Ridge, was toward the 
detached range of hills next north and west of its real ex- 
tremity. These detached hills were occupied without resist- 
ance at 4 p. M. Just as their summits were reached. Smith's 
Brigade of Cleburne's Division appeared at their foot, but, 
after brief skirmishing, withdrew to the main ridge. Gen. 
Sherman fortified the crests which he had gained, and ar- 
ranged his lines in position for the night. Lightburn's Bri- 
gade of Morgan L. Smith's Division held the left of the line 
on the crest; Alexander's, of John E. Smith's Division, the 
center; and CockeriU's, of Ewing's Division, the right. 
Giles A. Smith's Brigade of Morgan L. Smith's Division, 
closed the gap on the left of Lightburn to the Chickamauga. 
Ewing's remaining brigades extended CockeriU's line into 
the valley, and two brigades of John E. Smith's Divis- 
ion were placed at the foot of the ridge back of the 



122 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

center of the line. Jeff. C. Davis' Division was posted in 
column of brigades, one in contact with Sherman's reserve, 
one at the river landing, and one half way between the 
other two. 

The movement on the Confederate side to resist Sherman's 
advance began at 2 p. :\i. of the 24th. During the forenoon, 
Polk's Brigade of Cleburne's Division, with Semple's Battery, 
had been sent to guard the East Tennessee Railroad Bridge 
over the Chickamauga. Gen. Cleburne was then engaged 
in erecting defenses along the ridge from the crossing of 
the Shallow Ford Road (McCallie Avenue) to Bragg's 
Headquarters. At 2 o'clock, he was ordered to proceed 
with his remaining three brigades to Tunnel Hill, which 
point he reached at 2:30 p. m. He occupied the north end 
of Missionary Ridge, and sent Smith's Brigade to take posi- 
tion on the detached range beyond. This was found to be 
in possession of Sherman's advance, and, in accordance with 
orders. Smith returned to the main ridge and took position 
from the north point (Moon House) to Tunnel Hill (True- 
blood House). 

Co7ifedcrate Alovcjncnts on the Night of the 2\th. 

As a result of the capture of Lookout Mountain by Gen. 
Hooker's forces, and Gen. Sherman's lodgment on the 
heights near Missionary Ridge, Gen. Bragg, during the night 
of the 24th, abandoned Lookout and his lines in the valley 
in front of Chattanooga, and retired to Missionary Ridge. 
Stevenson's Division proceeded from Lookout to Tunnel 
Hill, reaching the left of Cleburne's position there about 9 
o'clock of the 25th. 

Cheatham's Division followed, and took position on the 
left of Walker's Division, which had been established on the 
ridge during the night of the 23d with its right about three- 
quarters of a mile south of the tunnel. 

Stewart's Division fell back to the crest and occupied it 
with an attenuated line from Rossville Gap to near Bragg's 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. [23 

Headquarters. Bate's Division took position next north of 
Stewart's, and Patton Anderson joined Cheatham's left, 
leaving quite a gap on Bate's right. There were no changes 
in the positions of the Union forces during the night of the 
24th. 

Operations of November 25/// — Battle of Missionary R'ldge. 

The closing day's battle was opened November 25th by 
Gen. Sherman on the Union left, about Tunnel Hill. Light- 
burn's Brigade on the left, Alexander's in the center, and 
Cockerill's on the right, were kept in position on the crests of 
the detached hills next north and west of the point of Mis- 
sionary Ridge which Gen. Sherman had occupied the day 
before. Four guns of Callender's Battery were with Cock- 
erill, two of Dillon's with Alexander, and Wood's Battery 
with Lightburn. These guns played on Cleburne's position 
at Tunnel Hill throughout the action. 

Soon after sunrise. Corse's Brigade of Loomis' Division 
moved down from the heights, under fire from Cleburne's 
lines, into the ravine under the north point of Missionary 
Ridge, and assaulted that position. Corse was supported by 
Giles A. Smith's Brigade of Morgan L. Smith's Division 
on the left, operating along the eastern base of the ridge, 
and by Loomis' Brigade of Ewing's Division on the right, 
along the western slope. The brigades of Matthies and 
Raum of John E. Smith's Division were placed in support 
of Loomis. Gen. Lightburn also assisted Giles A. Smith 
with about half of his brigade. 

Corse, supported by the Thirtieth Ohio from Lightburn, 
carried the point of the Ridge (now the Moon Place), and 
from this ground assaulted Cleburne's central position to the 
south of and commanding it. The effort to carry this posi- 
tion, which was held by Smith's Brigade of Cleburne's Divi- 
sion, was persistent until about 3 p. m., but failed. Gen. 
Corse was wounded about 10 o'clock near Smith's lines, his 
troops having charged to within fifty paces of Swett's Bat- 



BAT IT, F. OF CHATTANOOGA I 25 

tery, on the Trueblood Knoll. Col. C. C. Walcutt succeeded 
Corse. About 12:30, Loomis' Brigade advanced toward the 
railroad, placing its left on the Tunnel Hill Road, in the 
vicinity of the filass House. The enemy was driven from 
the latter by Loomis' skirmishers, but returned later and 
burned it. The enemy threatening Loomis' left by descend- 
ing on the Tunnel Hill Road, two regiments of Bushbeck's 
Brigade of the Eleventh Corps, the Twenty-seventh and 
Seventy-third Pennsylvania, were ordered forward upon 
Loomis' left, the Seventy-third holding position at Glass' 
House, and the Twenty-seventh assaulting Tunnel Hill to 
the left of that position. Bushbeck's Brigade had been left 
with Gen. Sherman the day before by (}en. Howard, and 
placed on the right of Gen. Sherman's line. 

Early on the morning of the 25th Gen. Howard's remain- 
ing troops were ordered to Gen. Sherman. Orland Smith's 
Brigade of Steinwehr's Division first took position to the 
right of Bushbeck's Brigade facing the Ridge, and, later, 
moved with Schurz's Division to the valley of the Chicka- 
mauga where the entire force was posted upon Sherman's 
extreme left and rear. With the exception of Bushbeck's 
Brigade the troops of the Eleventh Corps were not engaged 
during the day. Early in the forenoon Gen. Baird's Divis- 
ion of the Fourteenth Corps was ordered to proceed to Gen. 
Sherman. Upon reaching Tunnel Hill he was informed that 
there was no room for him, and he returned to the center. 

The enemy appearing in force, coming down the Tunnel 
Hill road upon the left and front of Loomis' Brigade, 
Matthies' Brigade was ordered forward and repulsed this attack. 
Matthies then assaulted Tunnel Hill to the right of Corse's 
Brigade, and, in conjunction with it. about i p. m. gained the 
crest just north of the present Trueblood House and within 
a short distance of the battery stationed at that point. In 
this position it was supported by Raum's Brigade, but both 
were soon compelled to retire in haste by the attack from the 
crest, and the sudden appearance of the enemy in force on 



126 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

their right flank, issuing from the gorge of the tunnel and im- 
petuously attacking with both artillery and infantry. Both 
Matthies and Raum were wounded. The assault was desper- 
ate for over two hours. A similar attack followed on the 
right flank and the front of Corse's Brigade, now commanded 
by Col. C. C. Walcutt, which still occupied the north point 
of the Ridge, and, later, it also retired. Giles A. Smith's 
Brigade held position during the day at Corse's right on the 
eastern slope of the Ridge, the Thirtieth and Thirty-seventh 
Ohio Regiments from Lightburn's Brigade gaining position 
in front of this force and toward the crest of the Ridge, and 
holding it till late in the afternoon. Gen. Jeff. C. Davis' Di- 
vision of the Fourteenth Corps, which covered Gen. Sher- 
man's crossing, followed his column and was held as a reserve 
force throughout the action, no portion of it being engaged 
except Battery I, Second Illinois Artillery, which moved with 
Gen. Ewing's troops. Between 4 and 5 o'clock Gen. Sher- 
man's forces were withdrawn from their advanced positions. 

The Confederate Defense of Tunnel Hill. 

The forces confronting Gen. Sherman were Smith's, Govan's, 
and Lowrey's Brigades of Cleburne's Division, Brown's and 
Cummings' Brigades of Stevenson's Division, and Maney's 
Brigade of Walker's Division. . 

Polk's Brigade of Cleburne's Division, Lewis' of Bate's 
Division, and Wright's of Cheatham's Division, were posted 
to guard the railroad bridges over the Chickamauga upon 
Cleburne's right. The Confederate right wing was commanded 
by Lieut. -Gen. Hardee. 

Gen. Cleburne's forces arrived at Tunnel Hill at 2:30 o'clock 
November 24th. Smith's Brigade was sent forward to occupy 
the detached hills to the north and west of Missionary Ridge, 
but found them in possession of Gen. Sherman's advance, 
and withdrew to Tunnel Hill, Gen. Cleburne's forces taking 
position on the Ridge from the Tunnel to its extreme north 
point, throwing up entrenchments about the latter. Govan's 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. 1 27 

Brigade was placed on the spur jutting out eastward trom 
the Tunnel. There was no engagement during the afternoon. 
At dark, Gen. Cleburne, hearing that Hooker had broken 
the Confederate lines on Lookout, and supposing that would 
decide Gen. Bragg to fall back from Missionary Ridge, since 
both flanks of the Confederate army were then exposed, sent 
his artillery and ordnance stores across the Chickamauga. At 
midnight he was informed that Missionary Ridge was to be 
held. He therefore ordered his artillery to return at day- 
light, brought up intrenching tools, and at that hour disposed 
his forces for battle. He drew back the right of Smith's Bri- 
gade from the rifle-pits at the extreme north point of the 
Ridge to the high knoll a few hundred yards south, now the 
grounds of the Trueblood House, leaving skirmishers in the 
pits. The Fifth, Tenth, and Fifteenth Texas, consolidated, 
under the command of Col. Roger Q. Mills, formed under 
the crest facing west, with their left extended toward the Tun- 
nel and their right just north of the Trueblood House. 
Swett's Battery of four Napoleons was placed on the knoll 
so as to sweep the crest to its north point. The rest of 
Smith's Brigade, consisting of the Seventh Texas, Col. H. 
B. Granbury, and the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty- 
fourth, and Twenty-fifth dismounted Texas Cavalry, consoli- 
dated, Maj. W. A. Taylor commanding, was turned around 
the Trueblood Knoll to the right, and extended down the 
hill to the east. The right of Govan's Brigade was about 
two hundred yards in rear of Smith's right and nearly at 
right angles to his north front. Douglas' Battery was placed 
on this line. Lowrey's Brigade was on the advanced spur 
east of the north point of the Ridge with its left about two 
hundred yards m front of Govan's right. Calvert's Battery 
(Key's) was placed directly over the Tunnel. As soon as 
the rising mist revealed the Confederate position, Sherman's 
batteries on the detached hills opened fire, and the work- 
ing parties which were throwing up earthworks around the 
knoll at Tunnel Hill were obliged to abandon their under- 



128 THF, NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

taking. Before the first assault on the position by Gen. 
Sherman, Gen. Cleburne was put in command of the forces 
from the Tunnel northward. 

Brown's Brigade of Stevenson's Division arrived at the 
Tunnel from Lookout Mountain soon after sunrise, and was 
placed in position between the Tunnel and the left of Smith's 
Brigade. Cumming's Brigade of the same division followed, 
and formed on the left of Brown about 9:30 a. m., its right 
resting at the Tunnel. Maney's Brigade of Walker's Divis- 
ion moved up about 2 o'clock from its position three-quar- 
ters of a mile south of the Tunnel, and was placed in rear 
of Smith's Brigade at Tunnel Hill, and with Cumming's 
Brigade took part at that point in the repulse of the final 
Union attack. Pettus' Brigade was also engaged. 

The brunt of the day's battle was borne by Smith's 
(Texas) Brigade, commanded, after the wounding of Smith, 
by Col. Roger Q. Mills ; the Second, Fifteenth, and Twenty- 
fourth Arkansas consolidated of Govan's Brigade, and Swett's 
and Calvert's (Key's) Batteries. Gen. Cleburne denominated 
the engagement of the rest of his division as " heavy skir- 
mishing." Brown's Brigade was engaged throughout the 
day in hot skirmishing between Smith's left and the tunnel. 
Portions of Cummings' Brigade participated in the fighting 
at the foot of the ridge about the Glass House, and took 
part with Maney's Brigade in the final charge from Tunnel 
Hill upon the forces which had gained the crest from the 
northern and western bases of the Ridge. 

An hour before sunset. Brown's Brigade, followed soon 
after by Cummings' and Maney's, was sent in haste to report 
to Gen. Cheatham, some miles south of the Tunnel, at which 
point the troops of his division were engaged with the north- 
ward advance of Baird's Division of the Army of the Cum- 
berland upon the crest of the Ridge. Brown reached Cheat- 
ham and formed on the left of Walthall's Brigade, which 
was then across the Ridge. The movement of Baird was 
checked at dusk mainly by Walthall's Brigade of Cheatham's 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. 



129 



Division. The Confederate right wing, consisting of Cheat- 
ham's, Walker's, Stevenson's, and Cleburne's Divisions, with- 
drew in order with their material across the Chickamauga. 

Confederate Wiihdraival from Lookout — Hooker'' s Advance 
through Rossville Gap. 

The Confederates held the slope of Lookout Mountain 
about four hundred yards east of the Craven House until 2 a. 
M., covering the Summertown Road, while the troops on 
the summit, with such stores as could be moved, were 
withdrawn. The Eighteenth and Twenty-sixth Tennessee 
consolidated withdrew by the McCullough Road. Walt- 
hall's and Pettus' Brigades held the line on which they 
had fought until 11 p. m., when they were relieved by Clay- 
ton's Brigade of Stewart's Division, commanded by Col. J. 
T. Holtzclaw. This brigade, with Moore's extending down 
the mountain to its right and rear, held their lines until 2 
A. M., when they withdrew and followed the remainder of 
the troops which had held Lookout to Missionary Ridge. 

The Confederate abandonment of the mountain was dis- 
covered at daylight. Shortly before that hour, Gen. Geary 
had ordered small reconnoitering parties to try to scale the 
cliffs and ascertain if the enemy was still on the mountain. 
Volunteers for this work being called for by Gen. Whitaker 
from the Eighth Kentucky, Col. Sidney M. Barnes, the fol- 
lowmg responded, scaled the palisades a short distance back 
from the point, and at sunrise unfurled their regimental 
colors on the point in the sight of both armies : Capt. John 
Wilson, Company C, Sergt. H. H. Davis and Private William 
Witt Company A, Sergts. Joseph Wagers and James G. Wood, 
of Company R, and Private Joel Bradley, of Company I. 
The Eigh:h Kentucky and Ninety-sixth Illinois, Col. Cham- 
pion, followed to the summit, and, advancing along the top 
to Summertown, ascertained that the enemy had evacuated 
the mountain. Gen. Hooker reported a loss in the battle of 



BATTLE O" CHATTANOOGA. • I3I 

65 killed and 377 wounded, 230 prisoners, two flags 
captured, and 130 Confederate dead left on the field. 

At 10 A. M. of the 25th, Gen. Hooker's column started 
from the mountain and was directed against the Confederate 
left at Rossville. Osterhaus' Division led, followed by 
Cruft and Geary in the order named. The column Avas de- 
layed about three hours a mile west of Rossville by the de- 
struction of the bridge over Chattanooga Creek.. As soon 
as stringers were laid, the Twenty-seventh Missouri, Col. 
Thomas Curly, crossed, pressed forward as skirmishers into 
Rossville Gap, and developed the enemy's position, which 
was held by a portion of Clayton's Brigade of Stewart's Divi- 
sion with a section of artillery. Wood's Brigade of Oster- 
haus' Division formed on the right of the road through the 
gap, and Williamson's Brigade on the left with two regiments 
observing the west slope of Missionary Ridge. As soon as 
the bridge was completed so that the column could close up, 
Osterhaus pressed through the gap to a road running parallel 
to the Ridge, and about i. 000 yards from its eastern base, upon 
which he turned his column northward. After proceeding 
a short distance, he directed his two brigades in echelon 
toward the crest of Missionary Ridge, reaching the summit 
about a mile north of Rossville Gap. 

Cruft followed Osterhaus into the gap until his center 
was opposite the south point of Missionary Ridge, where, 
facing to the left, he assaulted and carried it, moved 
northward along the crest and joined Osterhaus' Division, 
which had reached it from the eastern face. Geary's Division 
turned northward at Rossville along the western base of the 
Ridge, accompanied by five batteries. It had not been con- 
sidered prudent to send artillery through the Gap. The skir- 
mishers and batteries engaged the enemy on the crest. After 
an advance of about half a mile, Creighton's and Cobham's 
Brigades, moving along the base in columns of regiments 
with Ireland's in support of the artillery, were formed 
for assault with Creighton's Brigade in the first line and Cob- 



132 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

ham's in the second. The movement was oblique to the 
Ridge, in order to effect a junction with the right of Johnson's 
Division of the Army of the Cumberland, which had then 
gained the summit of the Ridge a half a mile to the north. 
Gen. Geary's line reached the crest at 6 p. m. Gen. Oster- 
haus' Division bivouacked on the eastern slope of the Ridge, 
in close proximity to Bragg's Headquarters. 

Carlin's Brigade, upon descending the mountain, as soon as 
it could cross Chattanooga Creek, had rejoined its division 
(Johnson's) and formed on the right of it just in time to 
take part in the movement of the center against Missionary 
Ridge. 

The Storming of Alissionary Ridge. 

The advance on Orchard Knob, the attack on Lookout 
Mountain, and Hooker's movement on Rossville Gap, were 
not contemplated in Gen. Grant's order for battle. The key 
movement of that plan was the occupation of the north end 
of Missionary Ridge to the Tunnel by Gen. Sherman before 
the enemy could concentrate there. At 3 o'clock, the attack 
at that point had failed, and Gen. Grant, then on Orchard 
Knob, his headquarters during the day, ordered a demon- 
stration at the center against the enemy's works at the 
foot of the Ridge, to relieve the pressure upon Gen. Sher- 
man. General Thomas, commanding the Army of the Cum- 
berland, and Gen. Gordon Granger, commanding the Fourth 
Corps, also had their headquarters on Orchard Knob. The 
movement against the Confederate center was quickly ar- 
ranged. Four divisions of the Army of the Cumberland 
were ready to advance as soon as orders could reach them. 
Of the six divisions which composed that army, Cruft was 
with Hooker, and Jeff. C. Davis with Sherman. Baird, who 
had been ordered to Sherman and had joined him at the 
Tunnel, was just returning to the center when the order for 
the demonstration against the Ridge was given, and quickly 
formed as the left of the advance. 

The Union line ran through the plain, with Orchard Knob 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. 1 33 

and the low range to the south of it as the directing points. 
The storming Hne, by divisions from right to left, was com- 
posed of Johnson's, Sheridan's, Wood's, and Baird's. By- 
brigades, it ran as follows : Carlin's and Stoughton's, of John- 
son — Starkweather's, of this division, holding the earthworks 
about the city; Sherman's, Harker's, and Wagner's, of Sher- 
idan; Hazen's, Willich's, and S. Beatty's, of Wood; Turchin's, 
Van Derveer's, and Phelps', of Baird. There were eighty- 
eight infantry regiments m the storming lines, and four tleld bat- 
teries, which, however, could render little service, operated 
with them. The center divisions of Sheridan and Wood be- 
longed to the Fourth Corps, Gen. Gordon Granger command- 
ing. The right, Johnson, and the left, Baird, belonged to 
the Fourteenth Corps, Gen. John M. Palmer commanding. 

The Confederate line, counting from left to right, con- 
fronting this advance was composed of the divisions of 
Stewart, Breckinridge (Bate), Hindman (Patton Anderson), 
and Cheatham. The brigades composing the line, their or- 
der in battle not being fully shown by the reports, were : 
Clayton's, Stovall's, Strahl's, and Adams' of Stewart's Division; 
Tyler's (Bate's) and Finley's of Breckinridge's; and Ander- 
son's, Manigault's, Deas', and Vaughn's of Hindman's; 
Jackson's, Moore's, and Walthall's of Cheatham's. Reynolds' 
Brigade of Buckner's Division was, with the greater part of 
Finley's Brigade, in the trenches at the foot of the Ridge. 
Lewis' Brigade of Bate's Division had been sent the night be- 
fore to the bridges over the Chickamauga. Cheatham's artil- 
lery and the infantry on his left had an oblique fire on Baird's 
left. As near as can be ascertained from the reports, there 
were fifteen batteries along the ridge, and two siege pieces 
at Bragg's Headquarters, to oppose the Union advance. 
Gen. Stewart's Division was a very thin line on its left, the 
greater part of Clayton's Brigade having been hurried by 
Gen. Breckinridge to Rossville Gap, and the rest of the line 
being stretched along the Ridge to Gen. Bragg's Headquar- 
ters, thus covering three miles. 



134 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

The average distance of the Union line from the top of 
the Ridge was over a mile, the average width of the slope of 
the Ridge about 600 yards, and the average height 400 feet. 
There were good trenches at its foot, light intermediate de- 
fenses upon its slope, and light rifle-pits and rude defenses 
along its crest. The slope was for the most part steep, 
rough, and tangled, and exceedingly difficult of ascent. 

The orders given before the advance to the troops in 
Baird's Division on the left, and Johnson's on the right, con- 
templated their going to the top of the Ridge. Those re- 
ceived by the center divisions were construed to involve only 
a demonstration against the j)osition at the foot of the Ridge, 
although Gen. Willich of Wood's Division did not so under- 
stand it, and, upon carrying the earthworks at the base, he 
at once ordered an advance upon the summit. 

The signal for the movement was to be six guns fired in 
rapid succession from Orchard Knob. This was given at 
3:15 p. M. The whole line started on a run, and there was 
no check at any part of it until the earthworks were reached 
and captured. Baird's Division on the left, with Beattv"s 
and Willich's Brigades of Wood's Division next on its right, 
hastily rectified their lines at the earthworks, and started at 
once for the crest. Johnson's Division, on the extreme 
right, also moved continuously for the summit. Sheridan's 
Division and the right of Wood's halted at the earthworks 
under their orders, which at first contemplated only the car- 
rying of the earthworks as a demonstration to relieve the pres- 
sure on Sherman. They were almost immediately ordered 
forward, and the whole line apparently reached the summit 
about the same time. As seen from Orchard Knob, six 
points on the Ridge were simultaneously occupied. The first 
troops on the crest appear to have been those in Thomas J. 
Wood's Division. 

Upon reaching the summit. Gen. Sheridan's Division de- 
scended the eastern slope and began an active pursuit. It 



136 ' THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

was soon engaged with Bate's Division, which had taken a 
strong position a short distance east of Missionary Ridge 
and held it until after dark, when fighting ceased and it 
withdrew. 

Gen. Baird's troops, on the left, turned northward along 
the crest in mass, with little regard for organization, and 
pushed Jackson's and Moore's Brigades of Cheatham's Di- 
vision eastward and northward to the top of the third knoll. 
Here, Gen. Walthall's Brigade of Cheatham's Division, 
which had been thrown across the Ridge, made a firm stand. 
Brown's Brigade of Stevenson's Division, which had been 
hurried from Sherman's front at the Tunnel, formed on the 
left of it, and at dusk fighting ceased. From this point to 
Tunnel Hill, the Confederate lines withdrew in order to and 
across the Chickamauga. 

The Union Artillery in Chattanooga. 
During the three days' battle, the heavy guns in the works 
about the city were an important element. Gen. John M. 
Brannan, Chief of Artillery of the Army of the Cumberland, 
had mounted sixteen pieces of heavy ordnance in the forts 
of the outer works. Four 4i-4-inch Rodman guns were 
placed in Fort Wood, in addition to two 30-pounder Parrots 
already there ; four 20-pounder Parrots were mounted in 
Fort Cheatham (Negley) ; four 4^-inch Rodmans in Battery 
Rousseau; and four 20-pounder Parrots in Fort Sheridan. 
The battery on Moccasin Point received two 20-pounder 
Parrots, and, with the guns of the Eighteenth Ohio and 
Tenth Indiana Batteries, commanded the face of Lookout 
about the Craven House, and played a very important part 
during Hooker's assault. During its progress, two 10- 
pounder Parrots of the Seventh Indiana Battery, and two 
howitzers from the Third Wisconsin, went into action near 
the mouth of Chattanooga Creek. Owing to the scarcity or 
emaciated condition of artillery horses, only four field bat- 
teries were brought into action during the engagements. 



BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. I37 

These heavy guns commanded the enemy's camps and in- 
trenchments at the foot of Missionary Ridge and the east 
base of Lookout. On each of the three days, this heavy 
artillery was used with great effect, some of it being able to 
reach the crest of Missionary Ridge, and most of it proving 
effective against its slope during the advance of the assault- 
ing lines toward the earthworks at the foot of the Ridge. 

During the advance on Orchard Knob on the 23d, Gen. 
Howard, of the Eleventh Corps, sent Battery G, Fourth United 
States, and the First Ohio Battery, to support Gen. Sheridan, 
and Gen. Baird sent Battery I, Fourth United States, and Bat- 
tery H, Fifth United States. These were all stationed on 
Bushy Knob, now the National Cemetery, and were actively 
engaged. 

UNION LOSSES. 

Movement on Orchard Knob. 

Killed. JVounded. Total. 

Wood's Division, 32 165 197 

Steinwehr's " 3 20 23 

Schurz's " I 12 13 



36 197 233 

Hookefs Operations at Lookout, Missionary Ridge, and Ring- 



Geary's Division, 

Osterhaus' " 

Cruft's " 

Carlin's Brigade at Lookout, 



Loss at Ringgold, 



gold. 






Killed. 


Wounded. 


Total. 


56 


285 


341 


57 


335 


392 


21 


123 


144 


12 


24 
767 


36 


146 


913 


65 


377 


442 



390 471 



Leaving a total loss of 471 for Lookout and Missionary 
Ridce. 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY I'ARK. 





Sfof 


ming of Missionary 


Ridge. 








Killed. 


IJ'oit/ldcd. 


Carlin's 
Stoughton's 


Brig 


f^^' 1 Johnson, 


12 

25 


no 
137 


Sherman's 




' - Sheridan, 


31 


275 


Wagner's 




70 


660 


Harker's 




29 


278 


Hazen's 




Wood. 


88 


427 


S. Beatty's 




14 


160 


Willich's 




46 


288 


Turchin's 




Baird, 


50 


231 


Van Derveer's 




20 


141 


Phelps' 




18 


100 



■ Total, 



403 



2,807 



Troops Operating ivith Gen. Sherman. 







Killed. 


Wounded. 


C^iiles A. Smith's 


Brigade, | ^ g j ^ 




14 


Lightburn's 


" ) 


10 


11 


Loomis' 


" \ ■ 


37 


Zl'' 


Corse's 


'^Lwing, 


34 


210 


Cockerill's 




5 


Alexander's 


" )' 




4 


Raum's 


H. E. Smith, 


40 


140 


Matthies' 


;; S 


49 


145 


Bushbeck's 
Orland Smith's 


^. • Steinwehr, 


28 
4 


148 
20 


Tyndale's 


" - Schurz, 


I 


4 


Krzyzanowski's 




3 


Hecker's 


I 


10 


Morgan's 


[jeff. C. Davis 




9 


John Beatty's 


, 3 


17 


McCook's 


2 


4 



Total, 



209 



1,141 



BA'l'lLE OF CHAllANOOGA. 1 39 

.Co7ifcderate Losses at Lookout. 

Killed. Wounded. 

Walthall's Brigade, 8 91 

Moore's " 4 48 

Pettus' " 9 38 



Total, 21 177 

In addition, Walthall lost 845 captured, largely from his 
picket line at the base of the mountain. This was posted 
along Lookout Creek, and was nearly one-third of his total 
strength, 1,500. 

The missing from Moore's Brigade were 199, and from 
Pettus', 9. Moore's strength was 1,200. Pettus had only 
three regiments. 

The Confederate reports of losses at Missionary Ridge 
were very incomplete. 

The three brigades of Cleburne's Division, which were 
engaged at Tunnel Hill, lost 42 killed, 178 wounded, and 2 
missing. 

Brown's Brigade lost at the same point, 2 killed, 35 
wounded, and 13 missing. Cumming's Brigade lost 17 killed, 
156 wounded, and 30 missing. 



I40 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



CHAPTER XII. 

Organization of the Forces under Command of Mal-Gen. 
Ulysses S. Grant, U. S. Army, engaged in the Battles 
ABOUT Chattanooga. November 23-25, 1S63. 



[Roster compiled by Hon. J. W. Kirklev, Board of Publication of War Records.] 



Army of the Cumberland. 

Maj.-Gen. George H. Th(jm.\s. 



GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 
ist Ohio Sharpshooters, Capt. Gershom M. Barber, 
loth Ohio Infantry, Lieut. -Col. William M. Ward. 



FO UR TH ARMY CORPS. 
Maj.-Gen. Gordon Granger. 



FIRST DIVISION (FOURTH CORPS).* 

Brig. -Gen. Ch.arles Crlft. 

Escort. 
pad Illinois, Company E, Capt. Matthew Van Buskirk. 

Second Brigade. Third Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. Walter C. Whitaker. Col. William Grose. 

96th Illinois: 59th Illinois, Maj. Clayton Hale. 

Col. Thomas E. Champion. 75th Illinois, Col. John E. Bennett. 

Maj. George Hicks. 84th Illinois, Col. Louis H. Waters. 

35th Indiana, Col. Bernard F. Mullen. 9th Indiana, Col. Isaac C. B. Suman. 

8th Kentucky, Col. Sidney M. Barnes. 36th Indiana, Maj. Gilbert Trusler. 

-toth Ohio. Col. Jacob E. Taylor. 24th Ohio, Capt. George M. Bacon. 
51st Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Charles H. Wood. 
9gth Ohio, Lieut. -Col. John E. Cummins. 

Engaged, November 24th, at Lookout Mountain. November 2 i^th, 
carried the south end of Missionary Ridge from Rossviile Gap. 



* The First Brigade and Battery M, Fourth U. S. Artillery, Col. D. A. Enyart, 
commanding, at Bridgeport, Ala.; the One Hundred and Fifteenth Illinois and 
Eighty-fourth Indiana, of the Second Brigade, and Fifth Indiana Battery, at Shell- 
mound, Tenn., and the Thirtieth Indiana and Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, of 
the Third Brigade, and Battery H, Fourth U. S. .Artillery, at Whitcsides, I'enn. 



ORGANIZATION ARMY OF CUMBERLAND. 141 



SECOND DIVISION iFOURTH CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. 

First Brigade Third Brigade. 

Col. Francis T. Sherm.\n. Col. Charles G. Marker. 

36th Illinois ; 22d Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Francis Swan- 
Col. Silas Miller •■= wirk. 
Lieut. -Col. Porter C. Olson. 27th Illinois, Col Jonathan R. Miles. 

44th Illinois, Col. Wallace W. Barrett. 421! Illinois: 

73d Illinois, Col. James F. Jacquess. Col. Nathan H Walworth.* 

74th Illinois, Col. Jason Marsh. Capt. Edgar D. Swain. 

88th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. George W. 51st Illinois: 

Chandler. Maj. Charles W. Davis. 

22d Indiana, Col. Michael Gooding. Capt. Albert M. Tilton. 

2d Missouri: 79th Illinois, Col. Allen Buckner. 

Col. Bernard Laiboldt.''- 3d Kentucky, Col. Henry C. Dunlap. 

Lieut. -Col. Arnold Beck. 64th Ohio, Col. Alexander Mcllvain. 

15th Missouri : 65th Ohio, Lieut -Col. William A. Bullitt. 

Col. Joseph Conrad. 125th Ohio: 

Capt. Samuel Rexinger. Col. F'merson Opdycke.'-' 

24th Wisconsin, Maj. Carl von Baum- Capt. Edward P. Bates, 
bach. 

Second Brigade. Artillery. 

Brig. -Gen. George D. Wagner. Capt. Warren P. Edgarton. 

looth Illinois, Maj. Charles M. Ham- ist Illinois Light, Battery M, Capt. 

mond. George W. Spencer. 

15th Indiana: loth Indiana Battery, Capt. William A. 

Col. Gustavus A. Wood.* Naylor. 

Maj. Frank White. ist Missouri Light, Battery G, Lieut. 

Capt. Benjamin F. Hegler. Gustavus Schueler. 

40th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Elias Neff. ist Ohio Light, Battery I, J Capt. Hu- 

51st Indiana,! Lieut. -Col. John M. Com- bert Dilger. 

paret, 4th United States, Battery G,| Lieut. 

57th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. George W. Christopher F. Merkle. 

Lennard. 5th United States, Battery H,| Capt. 

58th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Joseph Moore. Francis L. Guenther. 
26th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. William H. Young. 
97th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Milton Barnes. 

November 23d, took part in the capture of Orchard Knob. 
November 25, engaged in the assaidt on Missionary Ridge, the 
center of the division reacliing the crest at Bragg's Headquarters. 

* Temporarily in command of a demi-brigade. 

f Between Nashville and Chattanooga en route to join brigade. 

I Temporarily attached. 



142 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



THIRD DIVISION (FOURTH CORPS). 



Brig.-G 

First Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. August Willich. 

25th Illinois, Col. Richard H. Nodine. 

35th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. William P. 

Chandler. 
8gth Illinois, Lieut. -Col. William D. 

Williams. 
32d Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Frank Erdel- 

meyer. 
68th Indiana: 

Lieut. -Col Harvey J. Espy. 
Capt. Richard L. Leeson. 
8th Kansas, Col. John A. Martin. 
15th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Frank Askew. 
49th Ohio, Maj. Samuel F. Gray. 
15th Wisconsin, Capt. John A. Gordon. 



HOMAs J. Wood. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig-Gen. William B. Hazen 
6th Indiana, Maj. Calvin D. Campbell. 
5th Kentucky : 

Col. William W. Berry. 
Lieut. -Col. John L. Treanor. 
6th Kentucky, Maj. Richard T. Whit- 

aker. 
23d Kentucky, Lieut. -Col. James C. 

Foy. 
ist Ohio: 

Lieut. -Col. Bassett Langdon. 
Maj. Joab A. Stafford. 
6th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Alexander C. 

Christopher. 
41st Ohio : 

Col. Aquila Wiley. 
Lieut-Col. Robert L. Kimberly. 
93d Ohio : 

Maj. William Birch. 
Capt. Daniel Bowman. 
Capt. Samuel B. Smith. 
124th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. James PickanJs 

Third Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Samuel Beatty. 
79th Indiana, Col. Frederick Kncfler. 
86th Indiana, Col. Geo. F. Dick. 
9th Kentucky, Col. Ceorge H. Cram. 
17th Kentucky, Col. Alexander M. Stout. 
13th Ohio, Col. Dwight Jarvis, Jr. 
19th Ohio, Col. Charles F. Manderson. 
Sgth Ohio, Maj. Robert J. VanosdoU. 

Artillery. 
Capt. CuLLEN Bradley. 
Illinois Light, Bridges' Battery, Capt. Lyman Bridges. 
6th Ohio Battery, Lieut. Oliver H. P. Ayres. 
20th Ohio Battery,* Capt. Edward GrosskopfT. 
Pennsylvania Light, Battery B, Lieut. Samuel M. McDowell. 

November 23d, captured Orchard Knob. November 24111, took 
part in the assault on Missionary Ridge, the center of the division 
gaining the summit to the right of McCallie Avenue extended 



Temporarily attached from Artillery Reserve. 



ORGANIZATION ARMY OF CUMBERLAND. I43 

FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. John M. Palmer. 

Escort. 

ist Ohio Cavalry, Company L, Capt. John P. Barker. 



FIRST DIVISION ^FOURTEENTH CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. Rich.akd W. Joiinsu.n. 

First Brigade. Sciond Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. William P. Carlin. Col. Willia.m L. Stoighton. 

104th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Douglas 19th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Alexander W. 

Hapeman. Raffen. 

38th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Daniel F. nth Michigan, Capt. Patrick H. Kce- 

Griffin. gan. 

42d Indiana, Lieut-Col. William T. B. 69th Ohio, Maj. James J. Hanna. 

Mclntire. 15th United States, ist Battalion, Capt. 

88th Indiana, Col. Cyrus E. Briant. Henry Keteltas. 

2d Ohio, Col. Anson G. McCook. 15th United States, 2d Battalion, Capt. 

33d Ohio, Capt. James H. M. Mont- William S. McManus. 

gomery. i6th United States, ist Battalion, Maj. 

94th Ohio, Maj. Rue P. Hutchins. Robert E. A. Crofton. 

loth Wisconsin, Capt. Jacob W. Roby. iSth United States, ist Battalion, Capt. 

George W. Smith. 
18th United States, 2d Battalion, Capt. 

Henry Haymond. 
19th United States, ist Battalion, Capt. 
Henry S. Welton. 
Third Brigade.'-- 
Brig. -Gen. Joh.n" C. St.\rk\veather. 
24th Illinois, Col. Geza Mihalotzy. 
37th Indiana, Col. James S. Hull. 
2ist Ohio, Capt. Charles H. Vantine. 
74th Ohio, Maj. Joseph Fisher. 
78th Pennsylvania, Col. Archibald Blakeley. 
7gth Pennsylvania, Maj. Michael H. Locher. 
ist Wisconsin, Lieut. -Col. George B. Bingham. 
2ist Wisconsin, Capt. Charles H. Walker. 

Artillery. 
ist Illinois Eighty Battery C, Capt. Mark H. Prescott. 
ist Michigan Light, Battery A, Captain Francis E. Hale. 
5th United Stales, Battery H,t Capt. Francis L. Guenther. 

November 23d and 24th, held the works at Chattanooga. Toward 



* During the engagements of the 23d, 24th, and 25th, was in line of battle hold- 
ing fort and breastworks at Chattanooga. 
t Temporarily attached to Second Division, Fourth Army Corps. 



144 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

evening of the 24th Carlin's Brigade ascended Lookout to the Craven 
House, and relieved the right of Hooker's line under the palisades. 
November 25th, Stoughton's Brigade formed on the right of Sher- 
idan's Division, where Carlin's Brigade joined it from Lookout 
Mountain. The division took part in the assault on Missionary 
Ridge, reaching the crest opposite East Lake. 



SECOND DIVISION (FOURTEENTH CORPS). 

Brig -Gen. Jeffersom C. Davis. 

First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. J.'^mes D. Morgan. Brig. -Gen. John Beattv. 

loth Illinois, Col. John TilLson. 34th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Oscar Van T.is- 

16th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. James B. Ca- sell. 

hill. 78th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Carter Van 

60th Illinois, Col. William B. Anderson. Vlcck. 

2ist Kentucky, Col. Samuel W. Price. 3d Ohio.f Capt. Leroy S. Bell, 

loth Michigan, Lieut. -Col. Christopher 98th Ohio. Maj. James M. Shane. 

J. Dickerson. loSth Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Carlo Piepho. 

14th Michigan," Col. Henry R. Mizner. 113th Ohio, Maj. Lynn S. Sullivant. 

i2ist Ohio, Maj. John Yager. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. D.\NIEL McCooK. 
85th Illinois, Col. Caleb J. Dilworth. 
86th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. David W. Magee. 
iioth Illinois, Lieut. -Col. E. Hibbard Topping. 
125th Illinois, Col. Oscar F. Harmon. 
52d Ohio, Maj. James T. Holmes. 

Artillery. 
Capt. \VlLLI.\.M A. HoTCHKISS. 

2d Illinois Light, Battery I, Lieut. Henry B. Plant. 
Minnesota Light, 2d Battery, Lieut. Richard L. Dawley. 
Wisconsin Light, 5th Battery, Capt. George Q. Gardner. 

November 19th, ordered to the north side of the Tennessee to pre- 
pare for and cover Sherman's crossing. Followed the rear of Sher- 
man's column over the river at noon of November 24th. Remained 
unengaged during the battle as a reserve of Gen. Sherman's left. 



=■' Detached at Columbia, Tenn. 

f Detached at Kellcy's Ferry, Tennessee River. 



ORGANIZATION ARMY OF CUMBERLAND. 145 

THIRD DIVISION FOURTEENTH CORPS). 

Brig, -Gen. Absalom Baird. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. John B. Turchin. Col. Ferdinanij Van Derveer. 

82(1 Indiana, Col. Morton C. Hunter. 75th Indiana, Col. Milton S. Robinson, 

nth Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Ogden Street. 87th Indiana, Col. Newell Gleason. 

17th Ohio : loist Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Thos. 
Maj. Benjamin F. Bulterfield. Doan. 

_Capt. Benjamin H. Showers. 2d Minnesota; Lieut. -Col. Judson W. 
31st Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Frederick W. Bishop. 

Lister. 9th Ohio, Col. Gustave Kamincrling. 

36th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Hiram F. Devol. 35th Ohio: 

Sgth Ohio, Capt. John H. Jolly. Lieut. -Col. Henry V. Boynton. 

92d Ohio: Maj. Joseph L. Budd. 

Lieut. -Col. Douglas Putnam., Jr. 105th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. William R. 
Capt. Edward Grosvenur. Tollcs. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Edward H. Phelps. 
Col. William H. Havs. 
loth Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Marsh B. Taylor. 
74th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Myron Baker. 
4th Kentucky, Maj. Robert M. Kelly, 
loth Kentucky : 

Col. William H. Hays. 
Lieut. -Col. Gabriel C. Wharton. 
18th Kentucky, ■■' Lieut. -Col. Hubbard K. Milward. 
14th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Henry D. Kingsbury. 
38th Ohio, Maj. Charles Greenwood. 

Artillery. 
Capt. George R. Swallow. 
Indiana Light, 7th Battery, Lieut. Otho H. Morgan. 
Indiana Light, igth Battery, Lieut. Robert G. Lackey. 
4th United States Battery I, Lieut. Frank G. Smith. 

November 23d, supported the right of the advance on Orchard 
Knob. Early November 2^th joined the right of Sherman's line at 
7\mnel Hill. Rejoined Thomas' line at 3 p. m., and took part in 
the storming of Missionary Ridge, being the left of the Army of 
the Cumberland in that movement. The center of the division 
reached the crest at the De Long Tower, and advanced northward 
to the top of the second knoll bej'ond. 

* Detached at Brown's Ferry. 



146 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



CAVALRY.* 
Second Br/^itiir ^Siwriif Division). 
CoL Eli Long. 
gSth Illinois (mounted infantry), Lieut. -Col. Tdward Kitchell. 
17th Indiana (mounted infantry), Lieut. -Col. Henry Jordan. 
2d Kentucky, Col. Thomas P. Nicholas. 
4th Michigan, Maj. Horace Gray, 
ist Ohio, Maj. Thomas J. Patten. 
3d Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Charles B. Seidel. 
4th Ohio (battalion), ^Laj. George W. Dobb. 
loth Ohio, Col. Charles C. Smith. 

Long's Brigade operated on the let't of Sherman's tbrces during 
the battle. There was no other Union cavalry present. 



ENGINEER TROOPS. 
Brig. -Gen. \Vii.li.\m F. S.mith. 
£r:£-!nfi->s. Pioni-rr Bri^aJe. 

1st Michigan Engineers {detachment\ Col. George P. BfEl.L. 

Capt. Perrin V. Fox. 1st Battalion, Capt. Charles J. Stewart. 

13th Michigan Infantry, Maj. Willard 2d Battalion, Capt. Correll Smith. 
G. Eaton. 3d Battalion, Capt. William Clark. 

21st Michigan Infantry, Capt. Loomis 

K. Bishop. 
22d Michigan Infantry. M.ij. Henry S. 

Dean. 
iSth Ohio Infantry. Col. Timothy R. 
Stanley. 

These troops prepared boats and bridges for the Brown's Ferry 
movement to re-open the Tennessee River and for Sherman's cross- 
ing. It was active in the construction of fortifications, and Gen. 
Smith carried out all the details of the Brown's Ferrv expedition, 
commanding it in person. 



<" Corps headquarters and the First and Second Brigades and Eighteenth Indiana 
Battery, of the First Division, at and about Alexandria, Tenn.; the Third Brigade 
at Caperton's Ferry, Tennessee River. The First and Third Brigades, and the 
Chicago Board of Trade Battery, of the Second Division, at Maysvillc, Ala. 



ORGAI^IZATION ARMY OF CUMHF.RLAND. 



M7 



ARTILLERY RESERVE. 

Brig.-Ocn. John M. IjRannan. 

KIUST DIVISKJN. 

Col. James Barnett. 

Second Brigade. 



First /brigade. 
Maj. Charles S. Cotter. 

ist Ohio Light, Battery B, Lieut. Nor- 
man A. Baldwin. 

ist Ohio Light, Battery C, Capt. Marco 
B. Gary. 

ist Ohio Light, Battery E, Lieut. Al- 
bert G. Ransom. 

ist Ohio Light, I'.attcry F, Lieut, (iiles 
J. Cockcrill. 

SECOND DIVISION 



ist Ohio Light, Battery G, Capt. Alex- 
ander Marshall. 

ist Ohio Light, Battery M, Capt. Fred- 
erick Schultz. 

Ohio Light, i8th Battery, Lieut. Joseph 
McCafferty. 

Ohio Light, 20th Battery,* Capt. Ed- 
ward GrosskopfT. 



First Brigade. 

Capt. JosiAn W. Church. 

ist Michigan Light, Battery D, Capt. 

Josiah W. Church, 
ist 'I'ennessee Light, Battery A, Lieut. 

Albert F. Beach. 
Wisconsin Light, 3d Battery, Lieut. 

Hiram F. Hubbard. 
Wisconsin Light, 8th Battery, Lieut. 

Obadiah German. 
Wisconsin I-ight, loth Battery, Capt. 

Yates V. Beebe. 



Second Brigade. 
Capt. Arnold SriERMKispEK. 

Indiana Light, 4th Battery, Lieut. 
Henry J. Willits. 

Indiana Light, 8th Battery, Lieut. 
George Estep. 

Indiana Light, nth Battery, Capt. Ar- 
nold Sutermeister. 

Indiana Light, 21st Battery, Lieut. 
William E. Chess. 

ist Wisconsin Heavy, Company C, 
Capt. John R. Davies. 



Besides the direction of the field artillery, Gen. Brannan con- 
structed the batteries at Moccasin Point, and after the re-opening of 
the river, he armed the works of the city with heavy guns, which 
were used to cover the infantry advances against Lookout Moun- 
tain and Missionary Ridge. 



POST OF CHATTANOOGA. 

Col. John CJ. Parkhirst. 
44th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Simeon C. Aldrich. 
15th Kentucky, Maj. William C. Halpin. 
9th Michigan, Lieut-Col. William Wilkinson. 



* Temporarily attached to Third Division, Fourtli Army Corps. 



148 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



DETACHMEXT FROM THE ARMY OF THE POTO- 
MAC. 

ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH ARMY CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. Joseph Hooker * 

Proz'osi Guard. 

loth Maine, ist Battalion, Capt. John D. Beardsley. 

Escort. 
15th Illinois Cavalry, Company K, Capt. Samuel B. Shcrer. 



ELEVENTH ARMY CORPS. 

Maj.-Gen. Oliver O. Hc^w.'^ri). 

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 

Independent Company, 8th New York Infantry, Capt. Anton Bruhn. 



SECOND DIVISION (ELEVENTH CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. Auoli'H von Steinwehr. 

Second Brigade. 
Col. Orland Smith. 
33d Massachusetts, Lieut. -Col. God- 
frey Rider, Jr. 
136th New York, Col. James Wood, Jr. 
55th Ohio, Col. Charles B. Gambee. 
73d Ohio, Maj. Samuel H. Hurst. 



First Brigade. 

Col. Adolphi's Bl'shbeck. 
33d New Jersey, Col. George W. Mindil 
134th New York, Lieut. -Col. Allen H. 

Jackson. 
154th New York, Col. Patrick H.Jones 
27ih Pennsylvania: 

Maj. Peter A. McAloon. 

Capt. August Ricdt. 
73d Pennsylvania : 

Lieut. -Col. Joseph B. Taft. 

Capt. Daniel F. Kelley. 

Lieut. Samuel D. Miller. 

Took part in tlie battle of Wauhatchie, October 2Sth, and the ad- 
vance on Orchard Knob, November 23d. November 25th, Bush- 
beck formed the right of Sherman's Hne at the Tunnel and assaulted 
there. 



* Maj.-Gen. Joseph Hooker, commanding Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps, 
had under his immediate command for the battle at Chattanooga the First Divi- 
sion, Fourth Corps; the Second Division, Twelfth Corps; portions of the Four- 
teenth Corps, and the First Division, Fifteenth Corps. 



ORGANIZATION OF ARMY OF CUMBERLAND. 



149 



THIRD DIVISION (ELEVENTH CORPS). 
Maj.-Gen. Carl Schurz. 

Third Brig-adc. 
Col. Frederick Hecker. 

80th Illinois, Capt James Neville. 

82d Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Edward S. Salo- 
mon. 

68th New York, Lieut. -Col. Albert von 
Steinhausen. 

75th Pennsylvania, Maj. August Ledig. 



Fi>-st Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Hector Tvnd.ale. 
loist Illinois, Col. Charles H. Fox. 
.J5th New York, Maj. Charles Koch. 
143d New York, Col. Horace Boughton. 
6ist Ohio, Col. Stephen J. McGroarty. 
82d Ohio, Lieut-Col. David Thompson. 



Second Brigade. 

Col. Wladimir Krzyzanowski. 

58th New York, Capt. Michael Esem- 

haux. 
119th New York, Col. John T. Lockman. 
141st New York, Col. Wliliam K. Logic. 
26th Wisconsin, Capt. Frederick C. 

Winkler. 



Artillery. 

Maj. Tho.mas W. Osborn. 

ist New York Light, Battery I, Capt. 

Michael Wiedrich. 
New York Light, 13th Battery, Capt. 

William Wheeler. 
ist Ohio Light, Battery I,- Capt. Hu- 
bert Dilger. 
ist Ohio Light, Battery K, Lieut. 

Nicholas Sahm. 
4th United States. Battery G,='= Lieut. 
Christopher F. Merkle. 

Took part in the battle of Wauhatchie, October 28th. Novem- 
ber 23d, supported the left of the attack on Orchard Knob. Novem- 
ber 25th, marched to the support of Sherman's forces, and remained 
unengaged on their left and rear during the battle of Missionary 
Ridge. 



TWELFTH ARMY CORPS.f 

Maj.-Gen. Henry W. Slocum. 



* Temporarily attached to Second Division, Fourth Army Corps. 

t The First Division engaged in guarding the Nashville and Chattanooga Rail- 
road from Wartrace Bridge, Tenn., to Bridgeport, Ala., etc. Maj.-Gen, H. W. 
Slocum, the corps eommander, had his headquarters at Tullahoma, Tenn. 



15° 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



FIRST DIVISION (TWELFTH CORPS). 

Brig. -Gen. Alpheus S. Williams. 



First Brigade. 

Bi:ig.-Gen. Joseph F. Knipe. 

5th Connecticut, Col. Warren W. 

Packer. 
20th Connecticut, Col. Samuel Ross. 
3d Maryland, Col. Joseph M. Sudsburg. 
123d New York, Lieut. -Col. James C. 

Rogers. 
145th New York, Capt. Samuel T. Allen. 
46th Pennsylvania, Lieut. -Col. William 

L. Foulk. 



Third Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Thom.^s H. Ruger. 
27th Indiana, Col. Silas Colgrove. 
2d Massachusetts, Col. William Cogs- 
well. 
13th New Jersey, Col. Ezra A. Carman. 
107th New York, Col. Nirom M. Crane. 
150th New York, Col. John H. Ketcham. 
3d Wisconsin, Col. William Hawley. 



This division was not engaged, but was active and successful in 
the more important work of keeping open the lines of supply. 



SECOND DIVISION (TWELFTH CORPS) 

Brig. -Gen. John W. Geary. 



First Brigade. 
Col. Charles Candy. 
Col. William R. Creighton. 
Col. Thomas J. Ahl. 
5th Ohio, Col. John H. Patrick. 
7th Ohio: 

Col William R. Creighton. 
Lieut. -Col. Orrin J. Crane. 
Capt. Ernst J. Krieger. 
29th Ohio, Col. William T. Fitch. 
66th Ohio; 

Lieut. -Col. Eugene Powell. 
Capt. Thomas McConnell. 
28th Pennsylvania : 

Col. Thomas J. Ahl. 
Capt. John Flynn. 
147th Pennsylvania, Lieut. -Col. 
Pardee, Jr. 



Second Brigade. 

Col. George A. Cobham, Jr. 

29th Pennsylvania, Col. William Rick- 

ards, Jr. 
109th Pennsylvania, Capt. Frederick L. 

Gimber. 
iiith Pennsylvania, Col. Thomas M. 

Walker. 



Ario 



Third Brigade. 
Col. David Ireland. 
60th New York, Col. Abel Godard. 

78th New York, Lieut. -Col. Herbert von Hammerstein. 
io2d New York, Col. James C. Lane. 
137th New York, Capt. Milo B. Eldredge. 
149th New York : 

Col. Henry A. Barnum. 
Lieut. -Col. Charles B. Randall. 



ORGANIZATION ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 15 1 

Artillery. 
Maj. John A. Revnoldp. 
Pennsylvania Light, Battery E, Lieut. James D. McGill. 
5th United States, Battery K, Capt. Edmund C. Bainbridge. 

This division fought the battle at Wauhatchie, October 28th, the 
troops dispatched to his relief from Brown's Ferry being engaged 
to tiie north of the railroad crossing of Lookout Creek. November 
24th, it was prominent in the battle of Lookout Mountain. No- 
vember 25th, it assaulted the west slope of Missionary Ridge, car- 
rying it about three-quarters of a mile north of Rossville. 



ARMT OF THE TENNESSEE. 

Mai. -Gen. Willia.m T. Sherman.* 



FIFTEENTH ARMY CORPS. t 

Maj. -Gen. Fk.^nk P. Blair, Jk. 



FIRST DIVISION (FIFTEENTH CORPS), 

Brig. -Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus. 

First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. Charles R. Woods. Col. James A. Williamson. 

13th Illinois ; 4th Iowa, Lieut. -Col. George Burton. 

Lieut. -Col. Frederick W. Par- 9th Iowa, Col. David Carskaddon. 

tridge. 25th Iowa, Col. George A. Stone. 

Captain George P. Brown. 26th Iowa, Col. Milo Smith. 

3d Missouri, Lieut. -Col. Theodore Me 30th Iowa, Lieut. -Col. Aurelius Rob- 

mann. erts. 

i2th Missouri: 31st Iowa, Lieut. -Col. Jeremiah W. Jen- 
Col. Hugo Wangelin. kins. 
Lieut. -Col. Jacob Kaercher. 
17th Missouri, Col. John F. Cramer. Artillery. 
27th Missouri, Col. Thomas Curl)^ Capt. Henry H. Griffiths. 

29th Missouri : Iowa Light, ist Battery, Lieut. James 
Col. James Peckham. M. Williams. 

Maj. Philip H. Murphy. 2d Missouri Light, Battery F, Capt. 
31st Missouri, Lieut. -Col. Samuel P. Clemens Landgraeber. 

Simpson. Ohio Light, 4th Battery, Capt. George 
32d Missouri, Lieut. -Col. Henry C.War- Froehlich. 

moth. 
76th Ohio, Maj. Willard Warner. 

November 24th, held the left of the line in storming Lookout Moun- 



* Gen. Sherman had under his immediate command at the battle of Chattanooga 
the Eleventh Corps and the Second Division, Fourteenth Corps, of the Army of 
the Cumberland ; the Second and Fourth Divisions, Fifteenth Corps, and the Sec- 
ond Division, Seventeenth Corps, Army of the Tennessee. 

t The Third Division. Brig -Gen. James M. Tuttle, commanding, at Memphis, 
La Grange, and Pocahontas, Tenn. 



152 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



tain. November 25th, cleared Rossville Gap of the enemy, and turn- 
ing north along the eastern base of Missionary Ridge assaulted and 
carried it about a mile north of Rossville, bivouacking on the east 
slope at Bragg's Headquarters. 



SECOND DIVISION (FIFTEENTH CORPS). 



Eri 



-Gen. Morgan L. S.\uth. 



Second Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Josei-h A. J. Lightbi-rn. 

83d Indiana, Col. Benjamin J. Spooner. 

30th Ohio, Col. Theodore Jones. 

37th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Lewis Von Bless- 
ingh. 

47th Ohio, Col. Augustus C. Parry. 

54th Ohio, Maj. Robert Williams, Jr. 

4th West Virginia, Col. James H. Day- 
ton. 



Pirst Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Giles A. Smith. 
Col. Nathan W. Tupper. 
5Sth Illinois, Col. Oscar Malfriborg. 
ii6th Illinois : 

Col. Nathan W. Tupper. 
Lieut. -Col. James P. Boyd. 
127th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Frank S. Cur- 

tiss. 
6th Missouri, Lieut. -Col. Ira Boutell. 
8th Missouri, Lieut. -Col. David C. Cole- 
man. 
57th Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Samuel R. Mott. 
13th United States, ist Battalion, Capt. 
Charles C. Smith, 



Artillery. 
ist Illinois Light, Battery K, Capt. Peter P. Wood, 
ist Illinois Light, Battery B, Capt. Israel P. Runisey. 
ist Illinois Light, Battery H. Lieut. Francis De Gress. 

November 24th, the division occupied the detached range north of 
the extremity of Missionary Ridge. November 25th, Giles A. Smith's 
Brigade, with most of Lightburn's, was engaged in the attack on the 
north point of Missionary Ridge, approaching it from the north- 
east. 



ORGANIZATION AKAIY OF THE TENNESSEE. 1 53 



FOURTH DIVISION (FIFTEENTH CORPS). 
r>rig.-Gen. Hugh Ewing. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Col. John M. Loomis. Brig. -Gen. John M. Corse 

26th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Robert A. Gill- Col. Charles C. Walcutt. 

more. 40th Illinois, INIaj. Hiram W. Hall. 

90th Illinois: 103d Illinois, Col. Willard A, Dicker- 

Col. Timothy O'Meara. man. 

Lieut. -Col. Ov/en Stuart. 6th Iowa, Lieut. -Col. Alexander J, 

12th Indiana, Col. Reuben Williams. Miller. 

looth Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Albert 15th Michigan,* Lieut. -Col. Austin K. 
Heath. Jaquitli. 

46th Ohio: 

Cul. Charles C. Walcutt. 
Capt. Isaac N. Alexander. 
Third Brigade. 
Col. Joseph R. Cockerill. 
48th Illinois, Lieut. -Col. Lucien Greathouse 
97th Indiana. Col. Robert F. Catterson. 
99th Indiana, Col. Alexander Fowler. 
63 Ohio, Col. Wells S. Jones. 
70th Ohio, Major WiUiam B. Brown. 

Artillery. 
Capt. Henry Richardson. 
1st Illinois Light, Battery F, Capt. John T. Cheney, 
ist Illinois Light, Battery I, Lieut. Josiah H. Burton, 
ist Missouri Light, Battery D, Lieut. Byron M. Callender. 

November 25th, Cockerill's Brigade remained on the crest of de- 
tached hills north-west of Missionary Ridge. Corse's Brigade de- 
scended their slope, assaulted and carried the north point of Mission- 
ary Ridge at the Moon House. This point was held till near night, 
Corse being wounded early, and Col. C. C. Walcutt commanding 
thereafter. Loomis' Brigade assaulted to the left of the Tunnel, 
and fought till late in the afternoon. 



* Detached at Scottsborough, Alabama 



154 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

SECOND DIVISION (SEVENTEENTH CORPS). 

trig. -Gen. John E. Smith. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Col. Jesse I. Alexander. Col. Green B. Raum. 

63d Illinois, Col. Joseph B. McCown. Col. Francis C. Deimling. 

48th Indiana, Lieut. -Col. Edward J. Col. Clark R. Wever. 

Wood. 56th Illinois, Maj. Pinckney J. Welsh. 

5gth Indiana, Capt. Wilford H. Welman. 17th Iowa : 
4th Minnesota, Lieut. -Col. John E. Col. Clark R. Wever. 

Tourtellotte. Maj. John F. Walden. 

i8th Wisconsin, Col. Gabriel Bouck. loth Missouri: 

Col. Francis C. Deimling. 
Lieut. -Col. Christian Happel. 
24th Missouri, Company E, Capt. Will- 
iam W. McCammon. 
8oth Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Pren Metham. 

Third Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. Charles L. Matthies. 
Col. Benjamin D. Dean. 
Col. Jabez Banbury. 
93d Iliinois : 

Col. Holden Putnam. 
Lieut. -Col. Nicholas C. Buswell. 
5th Iowa : 

Col. Jabez Banbury. 
Lieut. -Col. Ezekiel S. Sampson, 
loth Iowa, Lieut-Col. Paris P. Henderson. 
26th Missouri, Col. Benjamin D. Dean, 

Artillery.. 
Capt. Henry Dillon. 
Cogswell's (Illinois) Battery, Capt. William Cogswell. 
Wisconsin Light, 6th Battery, Lieut. Samuel F. Clark. 
Wisconsin Light, 12th Battery, Capt. William Zickerick. 

November 25th, Alexander's Brigade remained on the detached 
hills. Matthies' and Raum's Brigades assaulted to the left of Timnel 
Hill, and gained the crest north of it, but, after severe fighting, were 
compelled to withdraw. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 



155 



Organization of the Army of Tennessee, Gen. Brax- 
T<JN Bragg, C. S. Army, Commanding, November 20, 
1S63. 



GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 

ist Louisiana (regulars), Col. James Strawbridge. 
ist Louisiana Cavalry, Maj. J. M. Taylor. 



DETACHMENT FROM THE ARMT OF NORTHERN 
VIRGINIA. 



LONGSTREET'S ARMY CORPS.* 

Lieut. -Gen. James Longstreet. 



McLAWS' DIVISION LONGSTREET'S CORPS). f 

Maj. -Gen. Laf.wette McLaws. 

WofforcTs Brigade. 

i6th Georgia, Col. Henry P. Thomas. 

i8th Georgia, Col. S. Z. Ruff. 

24th Georgia, Col. Robert McMillan. 

Cobb's Legion, Lieut. -Col. Luther J. 
Glenn. 

Phillips' Legion, Lieut. -Col. E. S. Bar- 
clay. 

3d Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters, 
Lieut. -Col. N. L. Hutchins, Jr. 



Kcrshaiu s Brigade. 

2d South Carolina, Col. John D. Ken- 
nedy. 

3d South Carolina, Col. James D. Nance. 

7th South Carolina, Col. D. Wyatt 
Aiken. 

8th South Carolina, Col. John W. Hena- 
gan. 

15th South Carolina, Col. Joseph F. Gist. 

3d South Carolina Battalion, Lieut. - 
Col. William G. Rice. 



Hutnphrcys' Brigade. 
13th Mississippi, Col. Kennon McElroy. 
17th Mississippi, Col. William D. Holder. 
i8th Mississippi, Col. Thomas M. Griffin. 
2ist Mississippi, Col. William L. Bran- 
don. 



Bryan s Brigade. 
loth Georgia, Col. John B. Weems. 
50th Georgia, Col. Peter McGlashan. 
Sist Georgia, Co). Edward Ball. 
53d Georgia, Col. James P. Simms. 



* Detached, November 4th, for operations in East Tennessee, 
t Detached, November 4th, and sent to East Tennessee. 



156 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



Artillery Battalion. 

Maj. Austin Levden. 

Georgia Battery, Capt. Tyler M. Peeples. 

Georgia Battery, Capt. Andrew M. Wolihin. 

Georgia Battery, Capt. Billington W. York. 



HOOD'S DIVISION (LONGSTREET'S CORPSl. 

Maj. Gen. John B. Hood. 



Jenkins' Brigade. 

ist South Carolina, Col. Franklin \V. 
Kilpatrick. 

2d South Carolina Rifles, Col. Thomas 
Thomson. 

5th South Carolina, Col. O. Coward. 

6th South Carolina, Col. John Bratton. 

Hampton (South Carolina) Legion, Col. 
Martin W. Gary. 

Palmetto (South Carolina* Sharpshoot- 
ers, Col. Joseph Walker. 

Robertson s Brigade. 
3d Arkansas, Col. Van H. Manning, 
ist Texas, Col. A. T. Rainey. 
4th Texas, Col. J. C. G. Key. 
Sth Texas, Col. R. M. Powell. 

Law s Brigade. 
4th Alabama, Col. Pinckney D. Bowles. 
15th Alabama, Col. W. C. Gates. 
44th Alabama, Col. William F. Perry. 
47th Alabama, Col. Michael J. Bulger. 
48th Alabama, Col. James L. Sheffield. 



Anderson s Brigade. 
7th Georgia, Col. W. W. White. 
Sth Georgia, Col. John R. Towers, 
oth Georgia, Col. Benjamin Beck. 
nth Georgia, Col. F. H. Little. 
59th Georgia, Col. Jack Brown. 

Beiining' s Brigade. 
2d Georgia. Col. Edgar M. Butt. 
15th Georgia, Col. Dudley M. DuBose. 
17th Georgia, Col. Wesley C. Hodges. 
20th Georgia, Col. J. D. Waddell. 

Artillery Battalion. 
Col. E. Porter Alexander. 

South Carolina Battery, William W. 
Fickling. 

Virginia Battery, Capt. Tyler C. Jor- 
dan. 

Louisiana Battery, Capt. George V. 
Moody. 

Virginia Battery, Capt. William W. 
Parker. 

\ irginia Battery, Capt. Osmond B. 
Taylor. 

\'irginia Battery, Capt. Pichegru Wool- 
folk, Jr. 

Law's Brigade was picketing Brown's Ferrv when the latter was 
captured. Jenkins' Brigade attacked Geary at Wauhatchie the night 
of October 2Sth, supported bv Benning's, Laws', and Robertson's 
Brigades on the heights at and north of the railroad crossing of 
Lookout Creek. November 4th, the division was sent to East Ten- 
nessee. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 157 



HARDEE'S CORPS. 



Lieut. -Gen. William J. H.'vrdee. 



CHEATHAM'S DIVISION (HARDEE'S CORPS) 
Maj.-Gen. B. F. Cheatham. 



Jackson s Brigade. 
ist Georgia (Confederate), Maj. James 

C. Gordon. 
5th Georgia, Col. Charles P. Daniel. 
37 Georgia, Capt. J. J. Harper. 
65th Georgia, Lieut. -Col. Jacob W. 

Pearcy. 
2d Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters, 

Lieut. -Col. Richard H. 

Whitely. 
5th Mississippi, Maj. John B. Herring. 
8th Mississippi, Maj. John F. Smith. 



Walthall' s Brigade. 
24th and 27th Mississippi, Col. William 

F. Dowd. 
2gth and 30th Mississippi, Capt. W. (1. 

Reynolds. 
34th Mississippi, Col. Samuel Benton. 

Wright' s Brigade. 
8th Tennessee, Col. John H. Anderson. 
i6th Tennessee, Col. D. M. Donnell. 
28th Tennessee, Col. Sidney S. Stanton. 
38th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. Andrew D. 

Gwynne. 
51st and 52d Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. John 

G Hall. 
Murray's (Tennessee) Battalion, Lieut. - 

Col. Andrew D. Gwynne. 



Hfoore's Brigade. 
37th Alabama, Col. James F. Dowdell. 
40th Alabama, Col. John H. Higley. 
42d Alabama, Lieut. -Col. Thomas C. 
Lanier. 

Artillery Battalion. 
Maj. Melancthon Smith. 
Alabama Battery, Capt. William H. Fowler. 
Florida Battery, Capt. Robert P. McCants. 
Georgia Battery, Capt. John Scogin. 
Mississippi Battery (Smith's), Lieut. William B. Turner. 

Walthall's Brigade fought the battle of Lookout Mountain until 
the Craven House was carried by Hooker. Moore's Brigade then 
supported his right, and Pettus' Brigade of Stevenson's Division 
came up to Walthall's line. Wright's Brigade was at Chicka- 
mauga Station. November 25th, Cheatham's Division was on Mis- 
sionary Ridge just north of the DeLong Tower. When the enemy 
carried the Ridge -at the latter point, Walthall's Brigade checked 
his further advance, supported by Brown's Brigade of Stevenson's 
Division on iiis left. 



158 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

CLEBURNE'S DIVISION (HARDEE'S CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. Patrick R. Clebcrne. 
Liddell's Brigade. Polk's Brigade. 

. 2d and 15th Arkansas, Maj. E. War- 1st Arkansas, Col. John W. Colquitt. 

field. 3d and 5th Confederate, Lieut. -Col. J. 

5th and 13th Aikansas, Col. John E. C. Cole. 

Murray. 2d Tennessee, Col. William D. Robison. 

6th and 7th Arkansas, Lieut. -Col. Peter 35th and 48th Tennessee, Col. Benjamin 

Snyder. J. Hill. 

8th Arkansas, Maj. Anderson Watkins. 
19th and 24th Arkansas, Lieut. -Col. A. 
S Hutchison. 

Smiih's Brigade.. Loivrey s Brigade. 

6th and loth Texas Infantry and 15th i6th Alabama, Maj. Frederick A. Ash- 
Texas (dismounted) Cav- ford, 

airy. Col. Roger Q. Mills. 33d Alabama, Col. Samuel Adams. 

7th Texas, Col. Hiram B. Granbury. 45th Alabama. Lieut. -Col. H. D. Lamp- 

17th, 18th, 24th, and 25th Texas Cavalry ley, 

(dismounted), Maj. William 32d and 45th Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. R. 
A. Taylor. Charlton. 

15th Mississippi Battalion Sharpshoot- 
ers, Capt. Daniel Colenum. 

Artillery Battalion. 
Maj. T. R. HoTCHKis.s. 
Arkansas P)attery (Calvert's), Lieut. Thomas J. Key. 
Texas Battery, Capt, James P. Douglas. 

Alabama Battery (Semple's), Lieut. Richard W. Goldthwaite. 
Mississippi Battery (Swett's), Lieut. H. Shannon. 

November 23d, this division returned from Chickamaiiga Station. 
November 24th, until 2 p. m., it was constructing earthworks on the 
Ridge north from Bragg's Headquarters to the Shallow Ford Road. 
.\t that hour it was ordered to Tunnel Hill, reaching it at 2:30 p. m. 
November 25th, it resisted Sherman and fought the battle of Tunnel 
Hill, assisted at various points of the line by Cumming's, Pettus', and 
Brown's Brigades of Stevenson's Division, and Maney's of Walker's. 



ORGANIZATION ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 1 59 

STEVENSON'S DIVISION (HARDEE'S CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. Carter L. Stevenson. 

Broivn s Brigade:''- Peitus' Brigade. I 

3d Tennessee,! Col. Calvin H. Walker. 20th Alabama, Capt. John W. Davis. 

i8th and 26th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. 23d Alabama, Lieut.-Col. J. B. Eibb. 

William R. Butler. 30th Alabama, Col. Charles M. Shelley. 

32d Tennessee, Capt. Thomas D. Deav- 31st Alabama, Col. D. R. Hundley. 

enport. 46th Alabama, Capt. George E. Brewer. 

45th Tennessee and 23d Tennessee, Bat- 
talion, Col. Anderson Searcy. Vaughn s Brigade.\ 

3d Tennessee (Provisional Army), 
Cumjnings' Brigade. \ 39th Tennessee. 

34th Georgia, Col. J. A. W. Johnson. 43d Tennessee. 

36th Georgia, Lieut.-Col. Alexander M. sgth Tennessee. 

Wallace. 
39th Georgia, Col. J. T. McConnell. 
56th Georgia, Lieut.-Col. J. T. Slaugh- 
ter. 

Artillery Battalion. \ 

Capt. WlLLI.\M W. C.\RNES. 

Tennessee Battery, Capt. Edmund D. Baxter. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. William W. Carnes. 
Georgia Battery, Capt. Max Van Den Corput. 
Georgia Battery, Capt. John B. Rowan (Maryland Battery). 

November J4th, held the top of Lookout. At 1:30 p. m. Pettus' 
Brigade assisted Walthall. November 25th, it reached the Tunnel 
at 9 A. M., occupying the high ground south of it. Cummings', Pet- 
tus', and Brown's Brigades assisted Cleburne's forces. About 5 p. m. 
Brown's Brigade returned to the center to assist in checking Baird, 
reaching Baird's line just as Walthall's Brigade of Cheatham's Divis- 
ion had stopped his northward advance along the crest of the Ridge. 

'■'Transferred from Stewart's Division, November 12, 1863. 
f In Gregg's Brigade, October 31, 1S63. 

I Regimental commanders not reported in original, are supplied from Stevenson's 
roster. 

\ Reassigned to division, November 12, 1863. 

II Note on original : " Exchanged prisoners ; but few reported." 

\ According to Stevenson's return, his artillery battalion consisted at this date of 
Carnes', Corput's, and Rowan's Eatlcrics, and the 20th Alabama Battalion, viz.: 
Company A, Capt. Winslow D. Emery ; Company B, Capt. Richard H. Bellamy, 
and Company C, Capt. T. J. Key. 



i6o 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



WALKER'S DIVISION - (HARDEE'S CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen, \V. H. T. Walker. 

Maney's Brigade.\ Gist' s Brigade. 

ist and 27th Tennessee, Col. Hume R. 46th Georgia, Lieut. -Col. William A. 

Daniel. 
8th Georgia Battalion Lieut. -Col. Leroy 



Field. 

4th Tennessee (Provisional Army) Capt. 
Joseph Bostick. 

6th and 9th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. J. 
W. Buford. 

41st Tennessee,! Col. Rohert Farquhar- 
snn. 

50th Tennessee, J. Col Cyrus A. Sugg. 

24th Tennessee Battalion (Sharpshoot- 
ers), Maj. Frank Maney. 



Napier. 
i6th South Carolina, Col. James McCul- 

lough. 
24th South Carolina, Col. Clement H. 
Stevens. 

Artillery Battalion. 
Maj. Robert Martin. 
Missouri Battery, Capt. Hiram M. Bled- 
Wilson s Brigade. soc. 

25th Georgia, Col. Claudius C. Wilson. South Carolina Battery, Capt. T. B. 
29th Georgia, Col. William J. Young. Ferguson. 

30th Georgia, Col. Thomas W. Man.g- Georgia Battery, Capt. Evan P. Howell. 

ham. 
26th Georgia Battalion, Maj. John W. 

Nisbet. 
ist Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters, g 
Maj. Arthur ShaafF. 

November 23d, the division was sent from tlie base of Lookout to 
a point on Missionary Ridge, a mile south of Tunnel Hill. No- 
vember 25th, Maney's Brigade reported to Cleburne at the latter 
point and supported it in the engagement. 

'■■' Transferred from Longstreet's Corps, November 12, 1863, and regiments of 
Gregg's Brigade distributed to Bate's, Maney's, and Smith's Brigades, 
t Transferred from Cheatham's Division, November 12, 1863. 
\ From Gregg's Brigade, 
g Assigned, November 12, 1S63. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. l6l 

BRECKINRIDGES' ARMY CORPS. 

Maj.-Geii. John C. Breckinridge. 



STEWART'S DIVISION i BRECKINRIDGE'S CORPS). 
Maj.-Gen. Alexander P. Stewart. 



Adams' Brigade. 
13th and 20th Louisiana, Col. Leon von 

Zinken. 
i6th and 2Sth Louisiana, Col. Daniel 

Gober. 
19th Louisiana, Col. W. P. Winans. 
4th Louisiana Battalion, Lieut. -Col. John 

McEnery. 
14th Louisiana Battalion Sharpshooters, 

Maj. J. E. Austin. 



Clayton's Brigade. 
i8th Alabama, Maj. Shep. Ruffin. 
32d Alabama, Capt. John W. Bell. 
36th Alabama, Col. Lewis T. Woodruff. 
38th Alabama, Col. Charles T. Ketchum. 
58th Alabama, Lieut. -Col. John W. 
Inzer. 



/ 



Stoiurirs Brigade. 
40th Georgia, [Col. Abda Johnson]. 
41st Georgia, [Col. William E. Curtiss]. 
42d Georgia, [Col. R. J. Henderson]. 
43d Georgia, [Col. Hiram P. Bell]. 
52d Georgia, [Maj. John J. Moore]. 



Strahl's Brigade. 
4th and 5th Tennessee, Col. Jonathan 

J. Lamb. 
19th Tennessee, Col. Francis M. Walker. 
24th Tennessee, Col. John A. Wilson. 
31st Tennessee, Col. Egbert E. Tansil. 
33d Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. Henry C. 
McNeill 

Artillery Battalion. 
Capt. Henrv C. Semple. 
Georgia Battery (Dawson's), Lieut. R. W. Anderson. 
Arkansas Battery (Humphrey's), Lieut. John W Rivers. 
Alabama Battery, Capt. McDonald Oliver. 
Mississippi Battery, Capt. Thomas J. Stanford. 

November 24th, at night, Stewart withdrew from the earthworks 
and occupied Missionary Ridge irom Bragg's Headquarters to Ross- 
ville. November 25th, his line was carried, being assaulted in front 
by the rigkt of Sheridan's Division and all of Johnson's and Geary's, 
on its leftTlank bv Cruft's, and its rear bv Osterhaus'. 



l62 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



BRECKINRIDGE'S DIVISION (BRECKINRIDGE'S CORPS). 

Biig.-Gen. William B. Bate. 



Leivis' Brigade. 

2d Kentucky, Lieut-Col. James W. 
Moss. 

4th Kentucky, Maj. Thomas W. Thomp- 
son. 

5th Kentucky, Col. H. Hawkins. 

6th Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. W. L. 
Clarke. 

9th Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. John C. Wick- 
liffe. 

John H. Morgan's dismounted men. 

Florida Brigade. \ 
ist and 3d Florida, Capt. W. T. Saxon. 
4th Florida, Lieut.-Col. E Badger. 
6th Florida, Col. Jesse J. Finley. 
7th Florida, Lieut.-Col. Tillman Ingram, 
ist Florida Cavalry (dismounted). Col. 
G. Troup Maxwell. 



Bate' s Brigade:'-- 
37th Ceorgia, Col. A. F. Rudler. 
4th Georgia Battalion Sharpshooters, 
Lieut. Joel Towers 
loth Tennessee, t Col. William Grace. 
15th and 37th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. K. 

Dudley Frayser. 
20th Tennessee, Maj. W. M. Shy. 
30th Tennessee, f Lieut.-Col. James J. 

Turner. 
ist Tennessee Battalion, f Maj. Stephen 

H. Colms. 

Artillery Battalion. 

Capt. C. H. Slocomb. 

Kentucky Battery (Cobb's), Lieut. 

Frank P. Gracey. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. John W. Me- 

bane. 
Louisiana Battery (Slocomb's), Lieut W. 
C. D. Vaught. 



The night of November 24th, the division withdrew from the 
earthworks and occupied the line on Missionary Ridge next north 
of Bragg's Headquarters. It fought stubbornly until both of its 
flanks were exposed to the fire of heavy forces, when it withdrew to 
the next Ridge in the rear, and there checked the advance of Sheri- 
dan's Division. 



* Transferred from Stewart's Division, November 12, 1863. 
f Transferred from Gregg's Brigade, November 12, 1863. 
% Organized, November 12. 1863. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 



163 



BUCKNER'S DIVISION* (BRECKINRIDGE'S CORPS). 



Brig. -Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson. 



Johnson's Brigade. 
17th and 23d Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. 

Watt W. Floyd. 
2sth and 44th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. 

John L. McEwen, Jr. 
63d Tennessee, Maj. John A. Aiken. 



Reynolds' Brigade. 

58th North Carolina, Col. John B. Pal- 
mer. 

60th North Carolina, Capt. James T. 
Weaver. 

54th Virginia, Lieut. -Col. John J. Wade. 

63d Virginia, Maj. James M. French. 



rracie s bri^a 



de. 



41st Alabama, Lieut. -Col. Theodore G. 
Trimmier. 

43d Alabama, Col. Young M. Moody. 

ist Battalion, Alabama (Hilliard's) Le- 
gion, Maj. Daniel S. Troy. 

2d Battalion, Alabama (Hilliard's) Le- 
gion, Capt. John H. Dillard. 

3d Battalion, Alabama (Hilliard's) Le- 
gion, Lieut. -Col. John W. 
A, Sanford. 

4th Battalion, Alabama (Hilliard's) Le- 
gion, Maj. John D. McLennan. 

Artillery Battalion. 

Maj. Samuel C. Williams. 

Mississippi Battery (Darden's), Lieut. 

H. W. Bullen. 
Virginia Battery, Capt. William C. Jeff- 

ress. 
Alabama Battery, Capt. R. F. Kolb. 



This division, with the exception of Reynolds' Brigade, was ab- 
sent in East Tennessee. Reynolds was sent to the trenches, and re- 
tired to the Ridge in the face of the general assault of the Army of 
the Cumberland, and formed on the line of Bate's Division. 



HINDMAN'S DIVISION (BRECKINRIDGE'S CORPS). 

Brig.-Gen. Patton Anderson. 



Anderson s Brigade. 
7th Mississippi, Col. William H. Bishop. 
9th Mississippi, Maj. Thomas H. Lynam. 
loth Mississippi, Capt. Robert A. Bell. 
41st Mississippi, Col. W. F. Tucker. 
44th Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. R. G. Kel- 

sey. 
9th Mississippi Battalion Sharpshooters, 

Capt. W. W. Tucker. 



Deas' Brigade. 
19th Alabama, Col. Samuel K. McSpad- 

den. 
22d Alabama, Capt. Harry T. Toulmin. 
25th Alabama, Col. G«orge D Johnson. 
39th Alabama, Col. Whitfield Clark. 
50th Alabama, Col. J. G. Coltart. 
17th Alabama Battalion Sharpshooters, 

Capt. James F. Nabers, 



'■* Detached, November 22d, for operations against Burnside in East Tennessee. 
Reynolds Brigade and the artillery were recalled. 



164 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



Manigault's Brigade. Witighan's Brigade. 

24th Alabama Col. N. N. Davis. nth Tennessee, Col. George W. Gordon. 

28th Alabama, Maj. W. L. Butler. 12th and 47th Tennessee, Col. William 
34th Alabama. Maj. John N. Slaughter. M. Watkins. 

10th and 19th South Carolina, Col. 13th and 154th Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. R. 
James F. Pressley. W. Pitman. 

29th Tennessee, Col. Horace Rice. 

Artillery Battalion. 
Maj. Alfred R. Courtney. 
Alabama P.attery, Capt. S. H. Dent. 
Alabama Battery, Capt. James Garrity. 
Tennessee Battery (Scott's), Lieut. John Doscher. 
Alabama Battery (Waters'), Lieut. William P. Hamilton. 

November 25th, Anderson's Division, having witlidrawn from the 
earthworks at the foot of the Ridge during the night before, was on 
the right of Bate's, and extended nearly to the DeLong Tower. His 
line was carried in the general assault bj' the left of Wood's Di- 
vision and the right of Baird's. 



WHEELER'S CAVALRY CORPS. 

Maj. -Gen. Joseph Wheeler. 

The Confederate cavalry was not engaged at the battle of Chatta- 
nooga. After the battle of Chickamauga, it made effective raids 
north of the Tennessee upon the Union lines of communication, 
and operated in East Tennessee. Kelley's Division was stationed 
about Calhoun and Charleston at the time of the battle, and a por- 
tion of it attacked Col. Eli Long's Brigade of cavalry at Cleveland, 
November 27, and followed it back toward Chattanooga, 



WHARTON'S DIVISION (WHEELERS CORPS). 

Maj. -Gen. Jlihn A. Wharton. 
First Brigade. Second Brigade. 

Col. Thomas Harrison. Brig. -Gen. Henry B. Davidson. 

3d Arkansas, Lieut. -Col. M. J. Hender- ist Tennessee, Col. James E. Carter. 

son. 2d Tennessee, Col. Henry M. Ashby. 

65th North Carolina (6th Cavalry), Col. 4th Tennessee, Col. William S. McLe- 

(leorge N. Folk. more. 

8th Texas, Lieut-Col. Gustave Cook. 6th Tennessee, Col. James T. Wheeler, 

nth Texas, Lieut. -Col. J. M. Bounds. nth Tennessee, Col. Daniel W. Hol- 

man. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE. 



165 



MARTIN'S DIVISION (WHEELER'S CORPS). 

Maj.-Gen. William T. Martin. 



First Brigade. 

Brig. -Gen. John T. Morgan. 

ist Alabama, Lieut. -Col. D. T. Blakey. 

3d Alabama, Lieut.-Col. T. H. Mauldin. 

4th Alabama (Ru-ssell'si, Lieut.-Col. J. 

M. Hambrick. 
Malone'.s (Alabama) Regiment, Col. 

James C. Malone, Jr. 
51st Alabama, Capt. M. L. Kirkpatrick. 



Second Brigade. 
Col. J. J. Morrison. 
1st Georgia, Lieut.-Col. S. W. Davitte. 
2d Georgia, Lieut.-Col. F. M. Ison. 
3d Georgia, Lieut.-Col. R. Thompson. 
4th Georgia, Col. Isaac W. Avery. 
6th Georgia, Col. John R. Hart. 



ARMSTRONGS DIVISION (WHEELER'S CORPS" 

Bri;;.-Gen. Fk.ank C. Akmstrum.. 



First Brigade. 
Brig. -Gen. William V. C Humes. 
4th Tennessee (Baxter Smith's), Lieut.- 
Col Paul F. Anderson. 
5th Tennessee, Col. George W. Mc- 
Kenzie 

8th Tennessee, (Dibrell's), . 

9th Tennessee, Col. Jacob B. Biffle. 
loth Tennessee, Col. Nicholas N. Co.x. 



Second Brigade. 
• Col. C. H, TVLER. 

Clay's (Kentucky) Battalion, Lieut.- 
Col. Ezekiel F. Clay. 

Edmundson's (Virginia) Battalion, Maj. 
S. P. McConncll. 

Jessee's (Kentucky) Battalion, Maj. A. 
L. McAfee. 

Johnson's (Kentucky) Battalion, Maj. 
O. S. Tenney. 



KELLY'S DIVISION 

First Brigade. 
Col. William B. Wade. 
ist Confederate, Capt. C. H. Conner. 
3d Confederate, Col. W. N. Estes. 
8th Confederate, Lieut.-Col. John S. 

Prather. 
loth Confederate, Col. Charles T. 
Goode. 



{W^HEELER'S CORPS). 

Second Brigade. 
Col. J. Warren Grigsby. 

2d Kentucky, Col. Thomas G. Wood- 
ward. 

ist Kentucky, Col. J. R. Butler. 

9th Kentucky, Col. W. C. P. Breckin- 
ridge. 

Allison's (Tennessee) Squadron, Capt. 
R. D. Allison. 

Hamilton's ^Tennessee) Battalion, 
Lieut.-Col. O. P. Hamilton. 

Ruckcr's Legion, E. W. Rucker. 



Artillery. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. A. L. Huggins. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. Gustave A. Huwald. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. B. F. White, Jr. 
Arkansas Battery, Capt. J. H. Wiggins. 



l66 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

RESERVE ARTILLERY. 

Maj. Felix H. Robertson. 

Missouri Battery, Capt. Overton W. Barret. 
Georgia Battery (Havis'), Lieut. James R. Duncan. 
Alabama Battery (Lumsden's), Lieut. Harvey H. Cribbs. 
Georgia Battery, Capt. Thomas L. Massenburg. 



DETACHED. 



Roddey s Cavalry Brigade. 
4th Alabama, Col. William A. Johnson. 
5th Alabama, Col. Josiah Patterson. 
53d Alabama, Col. M. W. Hannon. 

Moreland's (Alabama) Battalion, Lieut. -Col. M. D. Moreland. 
Georgia Battery, Capt. C. B. Ferrell. 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. 167 



CHAPTER XIII. 

GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD, APPROACHING FROM 
CRAWFISH SPRINGS.* 

There are three points from which to make the tour of the 
Chickamauga battle field. The most natural one is to start 
from Crawfish Springs, thirteen miles from Chattanooga, on 
the Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus Railroad, and drive 
over the roads by which Rosecrans' army reached the field. 
The second is to take the train to Battle Field Station, nine 
miles from Chattanooga, on the Rome Road, and thence drive 
about the Park. This station is near the center of the west 
line of the field, half way between Snodgrass Hill and Widow 
Glenn's and a few hundred yards west of Dyer's House. The 
third is to drive from Chattanooga; but those who adopt this 
method should first study this chapter showing how the armies 
came upon the battle field, since, in driving from the city, the 
various positions for the first day are reached in their reverse 
order. 

To the Field from Crawfish Springs. 

Those who desire to visit the extreme point of infantry 
fighting on the Union right and the Confederate left will find 
it at Glass's Mill, on the Chickamauga, two and three-quarters 
miles south-east of Crawfish Springs. The first road to the 
left, about a mile south of the latter point, leads to the mill. 
The direct road runs to Pond Spring, Davis' Cross Roads, 
Dug Gap, Blue Bird Gap, Bailey's Cross Roads, Stevens' 
Gap, and other points of the campaign in McLemore's 
Cove. 

The road to Glass' Mill emerges from the woods on high 

* See maps, pa^^^es i, 30. and 42. 




Crawfish Sprixc; — Thf. Old \\iii:ki,. ( See pajjt* xviii.) 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. 169 

ground overlooking the Valley of the Chickamauga. It de- 
scends into the low ground and runs direct to the mill. 

Breckinridge's Division occupied the south bank of the 
river opposite the mill at daylight, September 19th. Helm's 
Brigade crossed to the west side at the mill, and attacked 
John Beatty's Brigade of Negley's Division. The latter was 
drawn up on the crest to the left of the road as it comes out 
of the woods. The fighting was chiefly between the artillery. 
Beatty's Brigade was supported by Stanley's. After two 
hours engagement between the batteries of each side, Breck- 
inridge's troops were withdrawn, and proceeded to the vicin- 
ity of Lee and Gordon's Mill. The casualties were : Union, 
2 killed and 17 wounded; Confederate, 22 killed and 
Avounded. 

On the 20th, Wheeler's cavalry crossed at Glass' Mill, dis- 
mounted, and attacked Eli Long's Brigade of Crook's Di- 
vision, driving it back to the vicinity of Crawfish Springs, 
with a loss of 127 killed, wounded, and missing. The Union 
cavalry was operating in the vicinity of and at the fords 
above Glass' Mill throughout the 19th and 20th of Sep- 
tember. 

On the afternoon of the 20th, the Union cavalry was 
massed in the fields to the right and left of the road for a 
half mile or more south of the Park Hotel, at Crawfish 
Springs. 

The old undershot wheel and mill stood at the upper side 
of the present pool nearest the road. The dam had not 
been constructed at the time of the battle, and the stream 
from the spring ran unobstructed to the Chickamauga. The 
railroad from Chattanooga was built after the war. 

Back of the Park Hotel, on the high ground across the 
road, stands the Lee Mansion, which was Gen. Rosecrans' 
headquarters from the morning of September i6th until the 
forenoon of the 19th, when they were moved to Widow 
Glenn's. Near it were the Union Field Hospitals. 

From the tower of the hotel the principal points in Mc- 



lyo THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Lemore's Cove, such as Stevens', Dougherty's, Blue Bird, 
Dug, and Wrothen's Gaps, and the Lookout and Pigeon 
Ranges, are plainly seen. 

The observation tower to the north-east marks the ground 
near Hall's Ford where Bragg concentrated that part of his 
army which had crossed the Chickamauga during the night 
of the 1 8th and early morning of the 19th, and formed to 
attack Crittenden's Corps. The latter then stretched north- 
ward along the La Fayette road for a mile, its right resting 
at Lee and Gordon's Mill. 

The troops of Thomas' Corps (Fourteenth) began to ar- 
rive at Crawfish from McLemore's Cove, about 5 o'clock on 
the afternoon of the i8th. Negley's Division, leading, was 
turned off toward Glass' Mill. The other divisions pressed 
on through the night, following the road along which the 
railroad now runs to the Widow Glenn's, and thence along 
the present Park Road skirting the east of the Dyer Fields, 
thence to the La Fayette Road in the vicinity of Kelly's. 
The broad road east of the railroad running from Craw- 
fish Springs to the Viditoe House did not exist at the time of 
the battle. It was built by the Park Commissioners to en- 
able visitors to avoid the seven dangerous railroad crossings 
on the old Crawfish Springs Road to Widow Glenn's and 
Viditoe's. This new road between these points does not 
cross the track after leaving Crawfish Springs. It runs 
throughout its length east of and nearly parallel to the old 
road over which a large part of Rosecrans' army advanced 
on the night of the 18th and during the 19th. Baird's Divi- 
sion, which became the advance when Negley left the column 
at Crawfish, after crossing the road from Dyer's to Brother- 
ton, took the first road to the right, and reached the La Fay- 
ette Road between Kelly's and Poe's at daylight. Brannan 
passed on to the foot of Snodgrass Hill, and then turning to 
the right, reached Kelly's, on the La Fayette Road, at sun- 
rise. 

Gen. Thomas' field headquarters were then at the cross- 



17- 'IHE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

roads at that point, on the west side of the La Fayette Road, 
and south of the cross-roads. 

Brannan's Division Hghted fires for breakfast, but before it 
could be prepared, was ordered forward by Gen. Thomas 
upon the report from Col. Dan. McCook that a Confederate 
brigade had crossed at Reed's Bridge, that the bridge had 
been destroyed, and the brigade could be captured. Bran- 
nan marched rapidly north along the La Fayette Road to 
McDonald's, and there turned eastward with his left brigade. 
Van Derveer's, while his right, Croxton's, moved eastward 
from the center of the Kelly Field, and soon after struck 
Forrest's cavalry in the vicinity of Jay's Mill. 

Reynolds' Division, following the same road from Craw- 
fish, came out on the La Fayette Road at Poe's, about i 
o'clock. Johnson's Division of McCook's Corps reached 
the road just before noon over the same route as Baird's. 
The latter, about 9 a. m., marched eastward from the La 
Fayette Road along the road skifting the south side of the 
Kelly Field, and came into action on Brannan's right and 
rear between 9 and 10 o'clock. 

Johnson's Division, moving along the same road, followed 
Baird into action soon after noon. 

Reynolds' Division was sent in on the right and left 
of Palmer's Division of Crittenden's Corps. The latter di- 
vision had been dispatched by Crittenden to Thomas without 
orders, and had marched from Lee and Gordon's to Poe's by 
the La Fayette Road, and attacked to the right of Johnson 
and south-east of Poe's. This move was at once reported to 
Gen. Rosecrans and approved. 

Davis' Division of McCook's Corps followed the column 
on the Crawfish Springs Road to a point near the Widow 
Glenn's, where it was turned eastward through the woods to 
Viniard's, and attacked the Confederate left east of that 
point between i and 2 p. m.>» The place where Davis left the 
Crawfish Springs Road is indicated by a tablet. 

A short distance north of this point is the site of Widow 



CtUidf to the chickamauga field. 173 

Glenn's House, the headquarters of Gen. Rosecrans from 
Saturday forenoon until Sunday noon. The high shaft to 
Wilder's Brigade marks the position. Standing here, the 
line of telegraph poles along the La Fayette Road can be 
seen across the open ground to the east. Turning back to 
the railroad, and looking north along its track, the high 
ground in the distance is the southern ])oint of Snodgrass 
Hill, immediately above the Viditoe House. A few hundred 
yards north, and to the right of the railroad, is Bloody Pond. 
It was the only water on this part of the field during the bat- 
tle. The low wooded rise across the open ground north of 
Widow Glenn's is Lytle Hill, upon which is the monument 
to Gen. William H. Lytle, who was killed there. Following 
the road around its eastern base, the large fields next beyond 
are on the Dyer Farm. Through and over these fields 
streamed Longstreet's columns after they had broken through 
the Union line on Sunday at Brotherton's, to the east of 
them. 

The last division to pass Saturday over the road from 
Crawfish Springs to the Dyer Fields was Negley's, which ar- 
rived at the latter point at 5 o'clock Saturday evening. It 
assisted in restoring the line which had been broken at 
Brotherton by Stewart's Division, one of whose brigades 
penetrated to the Tan Yard in the Dyer Fields. 

To follow the rest of the Union troops into battle on Sat- 
urday, upon reaching the southern boundary of the Park 
from Crawfish Springs, take the right-hand road, which forms 
this southern limit, and drive to Lee and Gordon's Mill, a 
mile distant on the La Fayette Road at the crossing of the 
Chickamauga. 

Crittenden's Corps occupied the line of the La Fayette 
Road during Friday night from Lee and Gordon's Mill 
northward for more than a mile. The right of Wood's Di- 
vision rested on the bluff above and west of the mill. Van 
Cleve's was in the field west of Scott's, and Palmer's Division, 
on the left of it, reached into the woods beyond. 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. 1 75 

The observation tower to the north-east stands on the 
ground where Bragg's army began at dayhght to form for an 
attack on Crittenden, then supposed by Bragg to be the 
Union left, as the night march of the center and right from 
McLemore's Cove to the La Fayette Road at Kelly's had not 
been discovered. 

At II o'clock A. M. of Saturday, Palmer's Division was 
dispatched along the La Fayette Road to'Poe's, where it 
formed and moved at once into action in the woods to the 
south-east of that point. Two brigades of Van Cleve's Di- 
vision followed Palmer about i o'clock, and attacked 400 
yards south-east of Brotherton's, on Palmer's right. 

Soon after Van Cleve had passed Viniard's, as he was 
moving north, Davis' Division, marching from the vicinity 
of Widow Glenn's, reached that point, and, moving into the 
fields east of the La Fayette Road, was soon heavily engaged 
with Hood's troops advancing from the forest east of the 
Viniard Fields. Wilder's Brigade of Mounted Infantry, 
which had occupied the line of forest west and north of 
Viniard's since daylight, assisted Davis. Wood's Division 
next moved up from Lee and Gordon's, reaching Viniard's 
about 4 o'clock, followed soon by Barnes' Brigade of Van 
Cleve's Division, and next by Bradley's and Laibolt's Bri- 
gades of Sheridan's, Lytle's Brigade being left at Lee and 
Gordon's. The battle at Viniard's lasted from 2 o'clock till 
sundown, and was one of the most desperate of the whole 
engagement. The opposing Confederate troops were the di- 
visions of Law and Bushrod Johnson of Hood's Corps, and 
Trigg's Brigade of Preston's Division. 

Riding north on the La Fayette Road from Viniard's, to 
the left is seen the shell monument to mark the spot where 
Col. Heg, commanding a brigade of Davis' Division, was 
killed. He was attempting to rally his line, which had been 
forced across the road from the north-east. 

To the right, and further north, in the open ground which 
was then in timber, Harker's Brigade of Wood's Division en- 



176 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

gaged a part of Gregg's and McNair's Brigades of Bushrod 
Johnson's Division. A little further north, upon the first 
road to the left, part of Marker's command struck the rear 
of Fulton's Brigade, the right of Johnson's Division, which 
had crossed the La Fayette Road and wheeled north toward 
Brotherton's. Fulton was attacking the right of Van Cleve's 
Division, then rallying on the high ground south of Brother- 
ton's in the face of Stewart's advance. Four regiments of 
Law's Brigade, under command of Col. W. C. Oates, Fif- 
teenth Alabama, were engaged on the right of Fulton. 

Brotherton's House is next reached. It marks both the 
point where Clayton's Brigade of Stewart's Division pene- 
trated the Union line on Saturday, and where Johnson's Divi- 
sion, followed by Law's and Kershaw's, these being the 
center of Longstreet's column, pierced the Union line on 
Sunday. The tablets marking Longstreet's lines before this 
advance will be found on the road leading east from Brother- 
ton's, and about 700 yards from the latter point. 

Poe's House, known in the Confederate reports as the 
"burning house," is next north of Brotherton's on the left. 
From the north end of the Poe Field, Gen. Reynolds, with 
his own troops, and part of Palmer's, assisted by twenty guns 
which he had collected, repulsed the extreme advance of 
Bate's Brigade of Stewart's Division about 5 o'clock Saturday 
evening. 

The first road to the left, north of Poe's, is the one upon 
which Baird's Division, the head of Rosecrans' turning 
column, reached the La Fayette Road at daylight, September 
19th, from Crawfish Springs. The second road to the left is 
the one upon which Brannan's Division reached the La Fay- 
ette Road at sunrise, while Reynolds reached the Poe House 
about I o'clock by the road upon which Baird had moved. 

The best route for visiting the whole line of the first day's 
battle is to follow Brannan's advance from the McDonald 
House to the vicinity of Jay's Mill, and then drive from the 
latter point to Brotherton's. This will cover the whole, ex- 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. 1 77 

cept the battle about Viniard's, the general features of which 
have already been given (page 175). 

Soon after sunrise, Brannan's left Brigade (Van Derveer's) 
turned eastward opposite the McDonald House toward Reed's 
Bridge. At the same time, Croxton took a road leading from 
the center of the east side of Kelly's Field to the same point 
by way of Jay's Mill. The Reed's Bridge Road, a few rods 
north of the McDonald House, leads directly to the ground 
of Van Derveer's engagement, though his brigade took a 
fLirm lane that led through the grounds opposite McDonald's, 
and reached the true Ringgold Road a short distance before 
It went into action. This latter point is at the cross-roads on 
the crest of tl\e Ridge a mile east of McDonald's. 

Arriving at the cross-roads, with deployed lines on each 
side of the Reed's Bridge Road, Van Derveer swung his front 
toward the south-east, descended the slope a hundred yards, 
and became hotly engaged about 8 o'clock with Forrest's 
dismounted cavalry, soon re-enforced by Ector's Infantry 
Brigade of Walker's Division. 

The crest to the north of the cross-roads running nearly 
parallel to the Reed's Bridge Road marks the hne of Van Der- 
veer's Brigade at the close of the fighting on Brannan's 
front, when Forrest's command was repulsed in a final at- 
tempt to turn Van Derveer's left. 

The trace passing along the rocky glade to the right from 
the cross-roads leads in rear of Van Derveer's first posi- 
tion up to the tower which stands just in rear of his right. 
Here, part of Connell's Brigade with its battery re-enforced 
Van Derveer. From a point a short distance to the right 
(south) of the tower, the Ninth Ohio charged forward from 
Van Derveer's right to recapture the battery of the regular 
brigade of Baird's Division, which had lost its guns and 
been driven back over Van Derveer's troops by an attack on 
its right flank from Walthall's Brigade of Liddell's Division. 
At this point of recapture now stands the monument to Bat- 
tery H, Fifth U. S. Artillery. 



178 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Passing along the road by the observation tower toward 
Jay's Mill, 600 yards beyond it the position is reached where 
the regular brigade (J. H. King's), which came to the relief 
of Croxton about 10 a. m., was broken later by the sudden 
appearance of Walthall's Brigade of Liddell's Division on 
its right flank. A few hundred yards beyond that is the 
position where Croxton's Brigade, advancing from the Kelly 
Field on the right of Van Derveer, opened the battle of 
Chickamauga. The right of Croxton's line, marked by the 
Seventy-fourth Indiana, is beyond the monument to Battery 
H, in the edge of the first field reached, and near the Brother- 
ton Road. Croxton became engaged at 7:30 a. m.; Van Der- 
veer, at 8. 

Across this latter road, and some hundred yards beyond 
it in the wood's Wilson's Infantry Brigade of Walker's Divis- 
ion appeared on Croxton's right flank. Croxton's line was 
then changed to face toward Wilson, and stretched westward 
in the general direction of the Brotherton Road a full brigade 
front. 

It is an interesting fact that Wilson's Infantry Brigade was 
hurried forward to Forrest's support with the statement to its 
officers that a Federal brigade had been discovered in the 
woods near Reed's Bridge, which could be captured by 
prompt work. It will be remembered that Brannan had 
been dispatched toward Reed's Bridge upon a similar report 
from Dan. McCook in regard to an isolated Confederate 
brigade. 

Driving east on the Brotherton Road, the site of Jay's 
Steam Saw-mill is soon reached. It stood at the junction of 
this road with the one from Alexander's to Reed's Bridge. 
Here the battle of Chickamauga began. 

Forrest's Cavalry, coming early from Alexander's Bridge, 
was formed in the general direction of the road facing toward 
the positions after svard occupied by Brannan's Division. 

Dan. McCook's Brigade of J. D. Morgan's Division of 
Granger's Corps, supported by Mitchell's Brigade of Steed- 



GUIDE TO THE CHICK.AMAUGA FIELD. I79 

man's Division, had bivouacked the night of the i8th across 
the road from Reed's Bridge to McDonald's at the first frame 
house seen on the north side of the clearing. At daylight, 
McCook made an attempt to burn the bridge, and his skir- 
mishers tried to reach the spring at Jay's Mill for water, but 
were sharply attacked by Forrest's men. McCook and 
Mitchell were withdrawn at sunrise toward Rossville, passing 
the left flank of Van Derveer's Brigade as it was advancing. 

At 7:30, Croxton's skirmishers had advanced nearly to the 
mill, and soon after the main lines were heavily engaged, 
Forrest's men fighting dismounted. 

From a point a few paces north of the spring the observa- 
tion tower can be plainly seen which marks the right of Van 
Derveer's first position. At the time of the battle, the present 
clearing was woods, with the exception of a field extending 
two or three hundred yards west of the spring. 

Soon after lo o'clock Ector's Infantry Brigade came to the 
assistance of Forrest, formed east of the spring, and ad- 
vanced westward against Van Derveer. 

Forrest's last offensive movement was to throw a strong 
column into the ravine north of Van Derveer's left, and ad- 
vance against that flank of Brannan's line. The movement 
was discovered, and Van Derveer rapidly changed his front 
to meet it. After a severe engagement, Forrest withdrew, 
and the fighting in the vicinity of the mill ceased about i 
o'clock. 

Returning westward along the Brotherton Road the drive 
is across the Alexander's Bridge Road, and on to the Brock 
Field, nearly between the Union and Confederate lines. 
After passing through the first open field, and the woods to 
the west of it, the higher ground to the right in the field be- 
yond is the position of Scribner's Brigade, the right of Baird's 
Division. To the left, and back along the line of road just 
traversed, the troops of Wilson's Brigade, and Forrest's dis- 
mounted men operating with them, attacked Croxton's line 
north of the road. The fighting was prolonged and severe. 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. lOI 

About 1 1 o'clock, Liddell's Division, with Walthall's Brigade 
on its right, and Govan's on its left, marching from the south, 
struck Scribner in flank, Govan capturing his battery (Van 
Pelt's First Michigan). Walthall, passing further to the right, 
marched northward to the next crest, striking the right flank 
of King's Regular Brigade (the left of Baird), on the ground 
where the monument to Battery H, Fifth U. S. Artillery, 
stands. Here Walthall captured this battery, and drove 
King to his left, and over Van Derveer's Brigade. The 
troops of the latter line, in turn, repulsed Walthall. 
Govan and Walthall then retired, before a movement on 
their flank, to the ground near where Wilson first came into 
action. 

Riding on to the junction of the Alexander's Bridge Road, 
we reach the right flank of Cheatham's Division, which ad- 
vanced next after Liddell. The right of Jackson's Brigade, 
as it advanced into action, was near the culvert next east 
of the Alexander's Bridge Road. From this point Cheat- 
ham's line extended southwesterly, passing west of the Win- 
frey House (now Reed's), which'is the first one to the east on 
the Alexander's Bridge Road, and through the Brock Field 
to a point near its south-west corner, where the left of 
Wright's Brigade rested. Between Jackson's and Wright's 
Brigades, on the front line, was Preston Smith's. Maney's 
and Strahl's Brigades constituted the second line. Upon 
advancing, Jackson struck a line believed to have been Stark- 
weather's Brigade of Baird's Division, and pushed it over the 
crest a quarter of a mile north-west of the Brotherton Road. 
Just beyond this crest, Willich's Brigade of Johnson's Divi- 
vision was encountered. After two hours' fighting Jackson 
was relieved on the crest by Maney's Brigade. By 3 p. m., 
Johnson's Division had advanced across the Brotherton Road 
nearly to the Winfrey (Reed) House, Dodge being on the 
right, Willich in the center, and Baldwin on the left in the 
field where Scribner's Brigade of Baird's Division first had 
position. Cheatham's Division retired before Johnson's at- 



l82 THE NATIONAI, MILITARY I'ARK. 

tack, to the rear of the high ground next south of the Win- 
frey House, estabhshing its batteries on that elevation. 

The ground south of the Brotherton Road from the eastern 
edge of the Brock Field to the first crest west of Jay's Mill 
is the scene of the furious night fight Between Johnson's 
Division and Scribner's and Starkweather's Brigades of Baird's 
Division on the Union side, and Cleburne's Division and 
Jackson's and Preston Smith's brigades of Cheatham's Divi- 
sion on the Confederate. This engagement was brought on 
by Cleburne. Crossing the Chickamauga at Thedford's 
Ford, reaching Jay's Mill at 6 o'clock, and forming his line 
along the Jay's Mill and Alexander's Bridge Road, with his 
right brigade (Folk's) at the mill, Wood's in the center, and 
Deshler's on the left, he advanced in a north-west direction, 
encountering Baird's two brigades on the left of Johnson, 
and soon after Johnson's whole division. Jackson's and 
Smith's Brigades of Cheatham's Division advanced, m rear 
of Cleburne's left. Preston Smith, riding through an open- 
ing in Cleburne's line, came ui)on Dodge's Brigade of 
Johnson's Division and was killed. The shell monument 
which marks the spot will be found within sight, and west of 
the Winfrey (Reed's) Mouse. 

The next point of interest on the road toward Brotherton's 
is the Brock Field. Hazen's Brigade, the left of Palmer's 
Division, marching from the direction of the Poe House, 
came into its eastern half. It became engaged to the right, 
or north of the road, forced its way well toward the cen- 
ter of the field, and faced its eastern border. Cruft's Bri- 
gade, the center of Palmer's Division, entered the western 
side of the Brock Field from the north of the road, and 
(]rose's Brigade, the right of the division, from the same 
direction, occupying a jiosition south of the road, and lialf 
way between the western edge of the Brock Field and 
the Brotherton House. 

About 4 o'clock, Hazen's Brigade was withtlrawn to the 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. 1 83 

Poe House to replenish ammunition, and Turchin's Brigade 
of Reynolds' Division took its place in the Brock Field. 

Shortly before 2 o'clock, S. Beatty's and Dick's Brigades of 
Van Cleve's Division advanced from the La Fayette Road at 
Brotherton's, and went into action to the right of Grose's line, 
about 400 yards east of the La Fayette Road. 

Cheatham's line having been forced considerably to the 
rear, Stewart's Division was dispatched from the vicinity of 
the Park House to its assistance. It entered the Brock Field 
at its south-west corner, moving north in column of brigades, 
and at once wheeled to the left, advancing in the general di- 
rection of Brotherton's and Poe's Houses. Clayton's Brigade 
attacked first, and, after persistent fighting, was replaced by 
Brown's, and the latter in turn by Bate's. A small part of 
Law's Brigade (Sheffield's), marching from east of Viniard's, 
joined in the attack on Cruft in the Brock Field, and the 
whole was charged by Turchin, who wheeled upon these 
lines from the north-eastern portion of the field, and, with 
the help of Cruft, repulsed them. King's Brigade of Rey- 
nolds' Division came from the Poe Field, and reinforced both 
Grose and Van Cleve. 

At 4 p. M., Clayton pushed Van Cleve across the La Fay- 
ette Road at Brotherton's, and at 4:30 drove him west of the 
Dyer Field. Bate turned north into the Poe Field, and was 
repulsed at 5 o'clock by troops and guns collected by Gen. 
Reynolds from his own and Palmer's commands. 

From a short distance south of Brotherton's, neither line 
of battle was continuous toward the south, but both soon 
began again, and were as described (p. 175) where the move- 
ments and positions about Viniard's are given. 

To follow the movements of the Confederate forces into 
Saturday's battle, it will be necessary to start in succession 
from Reed's Bridge, Alexander's House, and the Hall's Ford 
Tower. 

Bushrod Johnson's Division and Robertson's Brigade of 
Hood's (Law's), marching from Ringgold early in the morn- 



184 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

ing of September iSth, had forced a crossing of the Chicka- 
mauga at Reed's Bridge about 3 o'clock in the afternoon of 
that day. Here Hood arrived and took command. There 
was stubborn resistance from Minty's cavalry and a portion 
of Wilder's mounted infantry. The latter, at Alexander's 
Bridge, had prevented the attempted crossing of Walker's 
Corps by sharp resistance and final dismantling of the bridge. 
Walker then crossed at Byram's Ford, passed Alexander's on 
the road to Viniard's, and bivouacked west of the great 
bend in the river. Hood bivouacked still further in advance 
on the same road, three-quarters of a mile east of Viniard's. 

During the night of the i8th and morning of the 19th, 
Buckner's Corps, consisting of Stewart's and Preston's Di- 
visions, crossed the Chickamauga, the former at Thedford's 
and the latter at Dalton's (Hunt's) Ford, and early formed 
line on the ground now marked by the observation tower 
near Thedford's House. Preston's left rested just west of 
and to the left of the tower. Stewart formed to the right of 
Preston, near the Park House. Hood's Corps moved for- 
ward from its bivouac to the crest in front, which during the 
night had been occupied by Wilder's Brigade, and formed 
line of battle with Bushrod Johnson's Division on the right 
of Stewart, and Law's Division on Johnson's right. 

Cheatham's Division crossed early on the 19th at Dalton's 
Ford, and formed in reserve in rear of Buckner's Corps. 
All this ground is best seen from the Hall's Ford Tower. 
Walker's Corps was near the great bend in the river, as de- 
scribed, about to move forward to form on Hood's right. 
Forrest's cavalry had bivouacked near Alexander's, and ver)' 
early had marched to Jay's Mill to observe in that direction. 

Such was the Confederate position early on September 
19th, with lines deployed toward Lee and Gordon's, ready to 
advance on Crittenden's Corps, when Brannan's Division at- 
tacked Forrest at Jay's Mill. Forrest himself soon went for in- 
fantry assistance, and finding Wilson's Brigade at Alexander's 
on the march toward its corps (Walker's), he took it in haste 



l86 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

to the aid of his troops. Ector's Brigade, also of Walker's Di- 
vision, was dispatched soon after to the same point. About 
II o'clock, Liddell's Division started northward. At noon, 
Cheatham's Division followed, and at i o'clock Stewart was 
on the march to the Brock Field to assist Cheatham. At 2 
o'clock, Hood's Corps, assisted by Trigg's Brigade of Pres- 
ton's Division, moved westward into battle at Viniard's. 
Hindman's Division crossed at Dalton's Ford at 4 o'clock, 
and advanced toward Viniard's, but did not become en- 
gaged. 

The Lines Sunday Morning, September 20th. 

During the night of the 19th, the lines of both armies were 
re-arranged. Before the battle re-opened, at 9:30 A. m. the 
Union line extended from the north-east corner of the Kelly 
Field along it eastern and southern borders. Over this part 
of the line it was protected by roughly constructed log- 
works. It crossed the La Fayette Road on the northern 
side of the Poe Field, ran along its western side and in rear 
of Brothertons Field to the vicinity of the Tan-Yard, and 
thence to Widow Glenn's. The line to the Tan-Yard was 
protected by a rough barricade of rails, stumps, and stones. 

The Confederate lines at the time of attack began with 
Forrest's cavalry on their extreme right in the woods east of 
the Cloud House, facing the La Fayette Road. The right 
division of infantry was Breckinridge's. Two of its brigades 
and half of the third reached beyond the left of the Union 
line. Following thence toward the Confederate left, the 
front line ran about 600 or 700 yards east of the Union posi- 
tion. Its divisions next on the left of Breckinridge were 
Cleburne, Stewart, Bushrod Johnson, and Hindman. Walker's 
Corps was in reserve to the right and rear of Breckinridge. 
Cheatham's Division was in reserve behind Cleburne and 
Stewart, and Preston's to the left and rear of Hindman. In 
the center, east of the Brotherton House, Law's Division 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. 1 87 

was in rear of Bushrod Johnson's, and Kershaw's in rear of 
Law's. 

As the attack opened on the Union left and extended to 
its right, the most satisfactory route by which to examine 
the lines is to follow the movements of the battle. 

Forrest's position will be most easily reached by riding 
eastward from McDonald's on the Ringgold Road to the first 
glade, a distance of about 700 yards. The left of Forrest's 
line will be found on this glade about 100 yards north. 

Breckinridge's position, where the attack of the Confed- 
erate infantry began, is best found by following the Alex- 
ander Bridge Road, the first to the left south of McDonald's, 
to the glade east of this road. Here, on the right, will be 
found the monuments marking the Union left. Breckin- 
ridge assaulted the crest on the east side of this glade, and 
from this crest, at the foot of the slope beyond it, can be 
seen the pyramidal monument of shells marking the spot 
where Helm, commanding his left brigade was mortally 
wounded. To the north of the Helm monument is one to 
Colquitt, killed while commanding a brigade in Gist's 
(Walker's) Division, which, after Breckinridge's repulse, at- 
tacked nearly on the same ground. To the south of 
the Helm monument, and on the same ridge, but nearly 
opposite the south end of the Kelly Field, will be found a 
monument to Deshler, killed there in command of the left 
brigade of Cleburne's Division. 

Baird's Division held the left of the Union line around the 
north-east corner of the Kelly Field, including the eastern 
and northern salients of the logworks, and the reverse ex- 
tending toward the La Fayette Road This reverse is marked 
by the monuments of the regular brigade. Before the attack 
began, Grose's Brigade of Palmer, Dodge's of Johnson, and 
part of John Beatty's of Negley, strengthened the reverse, 
and extended it nearly to the La Fayette Road. Proceed- 
ing along the eastern side of the Kelly Field, on the right of 
Baird's, came Johnson's Division, and next Palmer's, while 



l88 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Reynolds' extended the line around the south-east corner 
and south side of the field, his line crossing the La Fayette 
Road and joining Brannan's Division north of the Poe Field. 
The latter was formed along the west side of the Poe Field ; 
its right extended toward the west side of the Brotherton 
Field, and nearly reaching it, at which point it joined Neg- 
ley, whose line along the west side of the Brotherton Field 
reached to the Tan-Yard. 

Just before the attack opened at the Brotherton House, 
Negley's Division had been sent to the left, and its place 
taken by Wood's Division. This being also sent to the left, 
almost at the moment the Confederate attack was delivered, 
Longstreet's column marched into the gap, and, in spite of 
considerable fighting from the flanks of the opening, forced 
its way into the Dyer Field. At this moment, Davis' Division, 
from about the Tan- Yard, was attempting to close to the left, 
and fill the space vacated by Wood. Sheridan was hastening 
toward the same point from his position in front of Widow 
Glenn's. While thus moving, these two divisions were at- 
tacked from the front and right by Hindman, and by Bush- 
rod Johnson on their left, forced off the field and over the 
ridge west of the Crawfish Springs Road. 

Wilder's mounted infantry held the Union right at the 
opening of the action, being posted on the ridge next west 
of the Widow Glenn's, and from that line with Harrison's 
regiment of mounted infantry, charged the left of Hindman's 
advance, and pushed it back across the La Fayette Road. 

At daylight four Union divisions and Wilder's Brigade 
occupied the ridge west of and overlooking the Crawfish 
Springs Road. Next to Wilder's troops, which formed the 
right, was Sheridan's Division nearly opposite the Bloody 
Pond, next Davis', reaching nearly to a point opposite Lytle 
Station, then Wood's with his left on the road to Dyers' and 
Van Cleve's with his right on this road and his left overlook- 
ing the Viditoe Fields. 

Just before the break in the lines back of Brotherton's, 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. I69 

Van Cleve had been sent forward to Dyer's Field, and then 
diagonally to the left, being nearly in rear of Brannan's line back 
of Poe's at the time of the break. Wood, with Barnes' Brigade 
of Van Cleve, had been moved forward into Negley's line 
back of Brotherton's. Davis had moved forward to the vi- 
cinity of the Tan-Yard, and Sheridan to the widow Glenn's. 

When the break hrst occurred, Gen. Rosecrans, with part 
of his staff, and the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, was on 
the crest next east of Lytle's Station, and in front of the grove 
on the right of the road to Dyer's. At the first signs of 
trouble on the lines he rode to Widow Glenn's to hasten 
Sheridan to the left. 

From the La Fayette Road near the Poe House, the posi- 
tion of Stewart's Division, which was next on the left of Cle- 
burne, can be seen. It occupied the first low ridge in the 
woods to the east. Its right joined Cleburne, and its left 
rested on Bushrod Johnson's Division. 

The Brotherton House at the La Fayette Road marks the 
spot where Longstreet's central column pierced the Union 
center. The position of this line at the time of its advance 
can be seen from the La Fayette Road. Its front, Bushrod 
Johnson's Division, was on the same ridge with Stewart's line. 
In rear of Johnson was Law's Division of Hood's Corps, 
with Kershaw's Division in the third line. The center of 
each of these was on the road leading east from Brotherton's. 
Hindman's Division was on the left of Johnson's, its left 
nearly reaching the La Fayette Road at a point half way be- 
tween Brotherton's and Viniard's. Trigg's Brigade, the right 
of Preston's Division, was on the east line of the Viniard 
Field, and the left of the division rested at the observation 
tower near Hall's Ford. 

S?iodgrass Hill. 
The Snodgrass Hill position can be most readily under- 
stood by approaching it from the direction taken by the 
Union troops when falling back to occupy it. 



190 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

When Bushrod Johnson's Division, advancing from the for- 
est east of the La Fayette Road at the Brotherton House, 
forced its way through the gap in the Union Hues west of 
Brotherton's caused by the sending of Wood to the left, it 
turned to the right upon reaching the Dyer Field, and moved 
forward to the ridge on its western edge. 

Law's Division followed by Kershaw moved against Bran- 
nan's lines in the western edge of the Poe Field. Being 
forced back, Brannan directed his two brigades — Connell's 
and Croxton's, Van Derveer's having been sent to Baird be- 
fore the break — toward the Snodgrass House. 

Harker's Brigade of Wood's Division, having passed to the 
rear of Brannan and to his left, finding that the enemy was 
marching northward in the Dyer Field, moved back rapidly by 
the left flank, and formed across the field upon the first high 
ground toward its northern limits. From this point it re- 
pulsed Law's Division, and was in turn pushed back by Ker- 
shaw's Division, which passed over Law, and attacked Har- 
ker in force. This checking of Hood's column greatly as- 
sisted Brannan in forming a line of troops, of his own and 
various other commands, reaching from the Snodgrass House 
to the high point of the hill at the present observation tower. 
Battery I, Fourth U. S. Artillery, Lieut. Frank G. Smith, 
already held position at the house. Stanley's Brigade of Neg- 
ley formed next on the right of this battery, Croxton's Bri- 
gade and portions of Connell's next, and the Twenty-first 
Ohio of Sirwell's Brigade of Negley on the extreme right. 

Standing at the Snodgrass House, and looking north, the 
open country is the ground over which Gordon Granger ad- 
vanced on Sunday to the assistance of Gen. Thomas. His 
troops, upon arriving, marched rapidly into the ravine back 
of the house, attacked the force which had gained Brannan's 
rear, pushed it back over the ridge and extended Thomas' 
line. 

When Harker was forced back by Kershaw, he took posi- 
tion on the low open crest to the north of the Snodgrass barn. 



192 f THE NATIONAL MILIIARY PARK. 

Later in the afternoon, Hazen's Brigade of Palmer's Division 
joined Harker from the Kelly Field line. 

Marker's position was unsuccessfully assaulted at 2 o'clock 
by Humphrey's Brigade of Kershaw's Division, and Brannan's 
line by Kershaw's Brigade of the same division. 

At 2 p. M., Johnson's Division, with Anderson's Brigade 
of Hindman's Division on his right, assaulted Snodgrass Hill 
from the direction of Viditoe's House, and a portion of his 
line passed over the crest beyond Brannan's right, and at 2:30 
p. M. had gained the northern slope in his rear below the ob- 
servation tower. 

At that point he was met by Whitaker's Brigade, followed 
by Mitchell's, both of Steedman's Division of Gordon 
Granger's Corps. The latter had been marched rapidly by 
Gen. Granger from McAfee's Church to the assistance of 
Gen. Thomas, who was then in command of the army, with 
headquarters at the Snodgrass House. 

Whitaker charged Johnson's advance, regained the crest, 
and prolonged Brannan's right, which was still further ex- 
tended by Mitchell's Brigade fighting its way to the summit 
and taking position on Whitaker's right. A portion of the 
Ninety-sixth Illinois, belonging to Whitaker, was upon the 
right of Mitchell, and held the extreme right of the army. 
Gen. Thomas' line was then solid from the edge of the 
woods north-east of the Snodgrass House to a point beyond 
the ravine through which the road leads down to the Viditoe 
House. 

Van Derveer's Brigade returned intact from an engage- 
ment with Breckinridge's troops in the Kelly Field at the 
same time that Granger's troops arrived. It formed on the 
left of Steedman's Division, moved to the crest of the ridge 
with it, and strengthened Brannan's line from the tower to 
the right of Stanley's Brigade. 

At 6 o'clock, Steedman, being out of amunition, withdrew 
to the next ridge in his rear, the Confederates following to 
the bottom of the ravine on the northern side of the ridge. 



GUIDE TO THE CHICKAMAUGA FIELD. T93 

Three regiments on the left of Whitaker which had not re- 
ceived notice to withdraw were mostly captured by Trigg's 
and Kelly's Brigades of Preston's Division. These were the 
Twenty-first and Eighty-ninth Ohio and the Twenty-second 
Michigan. Their place of capture was upon the next knoll 
150 yards south-west of the observation tower. 

The withdrawal to McFarland's Gap from Wood's and 
Brannan's lines was from left to right, beginning on "the left 
of Wood at 7 p. M.; after fighting had ceased, and ending 
on the right of Brannan, at the tower, at 8 o'clock. 

The road at the base of Snodgrass Hill, beginning a few 
hundred yards south of the Snodgrass House, follov.-s the base 
to the Viditoe House. It passes along the line of Confederate 
assault. Humphrey's Brigade of Kershaw's Division faced 
Harker's position on the open crest. The right of Ker- 
shaw's Brigade rested upon and not far from the beginning 
of this road to Viditoe's. .Anderson's Brigade of Hindman's 
Division was on the left of Kershaw, and the three brigades 
of Bushrod Johnson's Division, Sugg, Fulton, and McNair, 
next in line, reached Viditoe's, and Manigault's and Deas' of 
Hindman's Division were on the extreme left. Deas' Bri- 
gade was directed against the high spur to the left of the 
road, leading from the railroad up the gorge to the Union 
right. The point of the spur to the right of this road was 
carried early in the action by Fulton's Brigade, assisted by 
Manigault's, and held until the close of the battle. 

The Union line on Snodgrass Hill can be reached by the 
road up the gorge near the Viditoe House. This road 
crosses the crest on the line of Mitchell's Brigade, the right 
of Granger's line. The brigades as they succeeded this one 
toward the Union left were Whitaker's of Steedman, Van 
Derveer's of Brannan, with portions of Croxton's and Con- 
nell's of the same division, Stanley's of Negley, Harker's 
of Wood, and Hazen's of Palmer. 



194 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Division and Brigade Positions on Snodgrass Hill. 
Wood's Division held the Hne on the open crest from the 
Snodgrass barn to the woods, Hazen's Brigade of Palmer's 
Division being sent to re-enforce it about 3 o'clock. Stan- 
ley's Brigade of Negley's Division, which was under the 
command of Brannan after Negley left the field, extended 
from the Snodgrass House to the first high point south of it. 
Brannan's Division reached thence to the observation tower, 
and Steedman's Division from the tower to the top of the 
ravine running down to the Viditoe House. The two com- 
panies of the Ninety-sixth Illinois, posted across the high 
ridge beyond, acted there throughout the afternoon as sharp- 
shooters, checking the advance of Deas' left. 

An Incident at Widow Glenn's. 
This position was held Sunday forenoon by portions of two 
companies of the Twenty-first Michigan under Lieut. Charles 
E. Belknap, assisted by Lieut. A. E. Barr, when enveloped 
by the left of Hindman's Division. This was one of the 
brilliant lesser affairs of the battle. The plucky command 
was finally saved by a charge of Wilder's Brigade. 



VISITING CHICKAMAUGA FROM CHATTANOOGA. 1 95 



CHAPTER XIV. 

VISITING CHICKAMAUGA FROM CHATTANOOGA.'-^ 

Those who decide to visit the Chickamauga Park by driv- 
ing from Chattanooga, should first read Chapter XIII, pre- 
senting in detail the movements of both Rosecrans' and 
Bragg's armies to the field. As these reached it from the 
south instead of from the direction of Chattanooga, those 
who drive from the latter point reverse the more natural 
order of approaching the field as the armies did. 

The direct route is by Rossville, and thence through the 
Gap by the La Fayette Road. It is. four miles to Rossville, 
and four and a half thence to Kelly's, which is central on the 
field. 

If the desire is to see as much as possible of Missionary 
Ridge and Chickamauga the same day, by driving on Mc- 
Callie Avenue to the Ridge, a distance of about three miles, 
the visitor can then pass along upon the Crest Road above 
the greater part of the line of assault of the Army of the 
Cumberland, and overlook the scenes of nearly all the battles 
about Chattanooga. The added distance to Chickamauga by 
this plan is about five miles. 

This route takes the visitor to Bragg's Headquarters on 
Missionary Ridge. Here the government has purchased be- 
tween three and four acres, and erected one of the steel ob- 
servation towers. Each of these is seventy feet to the upper 
platform. 

Upon reaching Rossville Gap, it is not necessary to de- 
scend to Rossville, as a cut-off along the crest runs direct to 
the La Fayette Road at the top of the Gap. 



* See pages i, 30 and 4; 




To\vi:r. Hr ACHi's HF.,\i)cy.\KTrRS, Mission ary Riixjk. (P. xvi.) 



VISITING CHICKAMAUGA FROM CHATTANOOGA. 1 97 

At Rossville the roads of the Park are reached. About 
this position, and on the ridges and in the Gap just beyond 
it, the Army of the Cumberland went into Hne again after 
withdrawing from Chickamauga at nightfall of September 
20th. Crittenden's Corps occupied Missionary Ridge to the 
north of the Gap, Thomas' Corps held the Gap, and the ridge 
south of it, and McCook's Corps was m position across 
Chattanooga Valley. These dispositions continued until 
midnight of Monday, September 21st, when, the enemy not 
attacking, the army marched into Chattanooga. The road to 
the right, at Rossville, runs to McFarland's Gap, two and 
three-quarters miles distant, and thence to Crawfish Springs, 
six miles and a quarter from the Gap, the road from that point 
forming the western boundary of the Park. 

The first road to the left in descending from the Gap, after 
passing the crest road, leads to McAfee's Church and Ring- 
gold. As the tablet at the junction shows, Gordon 
Granger's Corps, after a forced march of thirty-five miles 
from Bridgeport, moved over it to Ringgold, and was sub- 
sequently established in the vicinity of McAfee's Church. 
From that point, it marched, shortly before noon of Sunday, 
September 20th, to the assistance of Gen. Thomas on Snod- 
grass Hill. 

The first Union force to pass over the La Fayette Road 
in the Chickamauga campaign was Marker's Brigade of 
Wood's Division of Crittenden's Corps, which left Rossville 
Gap the morning of September loth, reaching Lee and Gor- 
don's Mill at 4:30 p. M., skirmishing, at intervals, with 
Armstrong's Division of Forrest's cavalry from a point three- 
quarters of a mile south of the Gap. The marks of this 
affair can still be easily detected on the larger trees. About 
a mile from the Gap a tablet will be found pointing out Mc- 
Afee's Church. 

Two miles and a half from the Gap the north line of the 
Park is reached. It is marked with a small tablet. The 
first house beyond on the left of the road is the site of the 



ipS THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

church, which, with its hors.e-sheds, was used as a hospital 
by the Fourteenth Corps, as was the Cloud House, which stood 
on the slope of the hill opposite. The mounting-block of the 
church can still be seen in the door yard. The low ground 
to the west of the road, a short distance beyond, about the 
Cloud Spring, was an extensive field hospital. All these 
were captured by Forrest's cavalry, which advanced from the 
east about ii o'clock Sunday morning. They were re- 
captured at noon by Whitaker's Brigade, the advance of 
Steedman's Division of Granger's Reserve Corps, as it was 
hastening from McAfee's Church to Snodgrass Hill. 

This column reached the La Fayette Road in the low 
ravine next north of the Cloud Church site. Whitaker's 
Brigade deployed on the west of the road and at right angles 
to it, and, advancing rapidly, drove Forrest front the hos- 
pitals and pressed on in the lead toward Snodgrass Hill, 
followed by Mitchell's Brigade of Steedman's Division, and 
Dan McCook's of J. D. Morgan's Division. About the 
present Dixon House, the first frame with fine grounds on 
the right after leaving Cloud's, the column left the road 
and moved to the right across the fields to Snodgrass Hill. 
McCook's Brigade was put in position on the ridge north- 
west of Dixon's, and about 700 yards from it. In this posi- 
tion it remained until 10 p. ^l, engaged at frequent intervals 
with Forrest's cavalry, which held a line about as far east 
of the La Fayette Road as McCook was west of it. 

Arriving at Dixon's, many features of Sunday's battle are 
to be seen from the high point in the road. The edge of 
the low woods and glade to the east mark the position of 
Armstrong's Division of dismounted . cavalry, which was on 
the right of the Confederate infantry line at the time the bat- 
tle of Sunday opened. Breckinridge's Division was on the 
left of Armstrong's with Adams' Brigade as its right, Stovall's 
its center, and Helm's its left. The latter brigade extended 
half its front south of the north salient of the Union log- 
works north-east of the Kelly Field. The high pines to the 



VISITING CHICK AMAUGA FROM CHATTANOOGA. 1 99 

south, beyond the first woods, mark the location of Snodgrass 
Hill. 

Riding to the clump of cedars on the right, and near 
the foot of the slope, the site of the McDonald House 
(called, also, in the Confederate reports, Glenn's) is found. 
This was one of the landmarks of the battle. Through the 
farmyard opposite, the head of Thomas' Corps, after march- 
ing all night, September i8th, turned eastward toward Jay's 
Mill soon after sunrise on Saturday, the 19th, and opened the 
battle of Chickamauga near that point. The distance to the 
mill is a little over two miles. The frame house now opposite 
McDonald's has been built since the battle. The log stables 
were there at the time. 

The ground about McDonald's, and east of it, was the 
scene of the opening of the engagement on Sunday morn- 
ing, and of its close on the Confederate right flank Sunday 
evening. 

Looking south along the road, the position of the Kelly 
Field can be seen beyond the first woods. This field extends 
a quarter of a mile to the east of the road and three-quarters 
of a mile along it. The Union line, Sunday morning, ran 
entirely around that part of it east of the road at a distance 
of about 150 yards from its border; except that the line 
along the northern side did not extend to the La Fayette 
Road by about 300 yards. The front was protected by rough 
low logworks. Breckinridge's Division, formed as above de- 
scribed, moved first to the attack. Its left brigade (Helm's) 
struck the Union logworks around Baird's left, and was shat- 
tered. Adams' and Stovall's Brigades, with the right of 
Helm's, moved directly forward to the La Fayette Road, 
forcing back John Beatty's Brigade of Negley's Division, 
which, under orders, was attempting, with four regiments, to 
fill out the gap from the left of Baird's Division north of the 
Kelly Field to the McDonald's House. Two guns of Beatty's 
Battery (Bridge's) were captured by Helm's regiments on 



200 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

the west side of the La Fayette Road where the Crawfish 
Springs Road leaves it. 

Upon reaching the road, Adams' and Stovall's Brigades 
changed direction to the left until their lines were perpendic- 
ular to it, the former on the right at McDonald's, the latter 
on the left, with the road between them. Placing Slocomb's 
(Louisiana) Battery on the knoll to the west of the road, these 
two brigades marched directly toward the Kelly Field to strike 
the Union left and gain its rear. Adams was stoutly resisted 
upon entering the woods west of the road, first by the rem- 
nants of John Beatty's Brigade, and then checked by Stan- 
ley's Brigade, also of Negley's Division. Adams was 
wounded and Col. Randall R. Gibson took command. 
Stanley's Brigade being withdrawn by its left toward Snod- 
grass Hill, in pursuance of a call from that direction, both 
Adams and Stovall advanced beyond the north line of the 
Kelly Field. Moving forward, Stovall was met and repulsed 
by a charge of Van Derveer's Brigade of Brannan's Division, 
which had been hastily dispatched from the Dyer Field to the 
assistance of the Union left. Breckinridge's troops were then 
pushed back to their original position before their advance. 

Sunday Evening Movements About AIcDonald' s. 
Between 5 and 6 o'clock, Liddell's Division of Walker's 
Corps advanced from the glade east of McDonald's as the 
right flank of the general Confederate attack delivered at 
that time. This division, with Walthall's Brigade on the 
right and Govan's on the left, crossed the road and ad- 
vanced to the low crest in the fields beyond. The guns now 
mounted upon it represent Fowler's and Swett's Batteries. 
While Dan. McCook's Battery opened an oblique fire upon 
these lines and threw forward some guns which enfiladed 
their right, Turchin's Brigade of Reynolds' Division, the 
latter then in the act of withdrawing from the south line 
of the Kelly Field, suddenly rushed out of the woods west 
of the La Fayette Road and swept north along the front of 



VISITING CHICKAMAUGA FROM CHATTANOOGA. 20I 

Tviddell's line, capturing its skirmishers and forcing it to re- 
tire in haste across the La Fayette Road. 

Those wishing to drive around the whole line of Saturday's 
battle can do so by starting eastward at the McDonald House. 
A full description of the route, and of the engagement at the 
various points of it, will be found, beginning on page 177. 
The whole drive eastward to Jay's Mill and westward from 
that point to Brotherton's, on the La Fayette Road, a mile 
and a half south of McDonald's, is four miles and a half. 
From that point, by the La Fayette Road to the right of the 
Union line, near Viniard's, September 19th, is a mile and a 
quarter further. 

Instead of riding directly to the Kelly Field, which is Sun- 
day's center of interest on the La Fayette Road after leaving 
McDonald's, time will be saved by taking the Alexander's 
Bridge Road, which is the first to the left, and riding along 
the front of the Union line east of the Kelly Field, following 
it back to the La Fayette Road at the south border of the 
field. This drive and the points of interest upon it are de- 
scribed on page 186. 

It is well to remember that the first road to the right, after 
leaving McDonald's, leads to McFarland's Gap, and is the 
main road over which the Union army withdrew from the 
field on Sunday night ; and that the road opposite the inter- 
section of the Alexander Bridge Road leads direct to Snod- 
grass Hill and the Dyer Field. 

But a more satisfactory way of reaching Snodgrass, when 
driving from Chattanooga, unless the purpose be to omit the 
lines east of the Kelly Field, is to take the Alexander Bridge 
Road and follow the Union line around the field to the 
Kelly House, and then, crossing the La Fayette Road there, 
drive direct to the Snodgrass House. 

The most satisfactory route, however, to those who wish to 
study all the outlines of the position and the movements 
against Snodgrass, is to drive to it from the La Fayette Road 
at Brotherton's, as set forth on page 189. This can be done 



202 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

either after driving around the Hne of Saturday's battle, as 
explained on page 177, and reaching the La Fayette Road 
from Jay's Mill, or by driving direct on the La Fayette 
Road to Brotherton's. 

The Kelly Field Operations. 

Before leaving the Kelly Field, the position there can be 
best understood by driving to the Goodspeed Monument, 
Battery A, First Ohio, just north of the Kelly House, from 
or near which point the best general view of the field can be 
had. 

There was no fighting in or around this field on Saturday. 
The nearest was in the Poe Field, next south. It was, how- 
ever, a base of operations for the battle east and south-east 
of it. The early movements of Saturday morning are detailed 
on page 170. 

During the night of the 19th, the Union left was withdrawn 
from its fighting ground of Saturday, and formed about the 
north, east, and south sides of Kelly Field. The line was 
about 150 yards inside the timber surrounding it. Baird's 
Division was around the north-east corner, Johnson's and 
Palmer's covered nearly all the eastern side, while Reynolds* 
ran around the south-east corner and reached across the La 
Fayette Road north of the Poe Field. When the break oc- 
curred in the Union line at Brotherton's, Reynolds brought 
his right brigade (King's) to the east side of the La Fayette 
Road and posted it in front of the south edge of the field, 
facing toward Poe's House. To the left of Baird's line, 
around the north-east corner of the fields, the brigades of 
Grose, Dodge, Barnes, and John Beatty were sent just before 
the Confederate attack, for the purpose of extending the line 
to the La Fayette Road at the McDonald House. 

Before this was formed, Breckinridge's Division, the right 
of the Confederate infantry, attacked Baird's position. The 
Union line was protected by hastily constructed obstructions 
of stumps, stones, rails, and logs. Only the left of Bretkin- 



VISITING CHICKAMAUGA FROM CHATTANOOGA. 203 

ridge's line struck Baird's eastern front. This was Helm's 
Brigade. It assaulted three times, and was badly broken up, 
Gen. Helm being mortally wounded. But its two right regi- 
ments, which cleared Baird's works, kept on to the La Fay- 
ette Road and captured two guns from John Beatty's Brigade 
at that point. A shell monument just over the slope east of 
the glade marks the spot where Helm fell. Adams' and 
Stovall's Brigades pushed forward to the La Fayette Road at 
the McDonald House, and there, changing direction to the 
left, marched, with the La Fayette Road between them, di- 
rectly toward the Kelly Field, as already described, and 
Stovall's Brigade burst out of the woods on its northern edge, 
covering the ground from the road to the low ravine half 
way across the field. The line of Adams' Brigade at the 
same moment was abreast of it in the woods west of the 
road. Portions of John Beatty's Brigade, in very attenuated 
line, had vainly attempted to resist this advance. Stanley's 
Brigade had checked Adams, the left of it, and then had 
been withdrawn by its left toward Snodgrass Hill. 

It seemed at the moment as if the Union left must be en- 
veloped. Johnson, Palmer, and Reynolds were hotly en- 
gaged, and could not leave their lines east of the field to resist 
a flank or rear attack. Cleburne was assaulting the first two, 
and Stewart was attackmg Reynolds. Bullets flying over these 
lines from the east reached the La Fayette Road, and those 
from Stewart's troops were falling half way to Stovall's front. 
Goodspeed's Battery, from behind Johnson's Division, whirled 
toward this advance and opened upon it with canister. But 
Stovall and Adams were moving rapidly, and the situation 
was growing desperate. 

Just then the deployed lines of Van Derveer's Brigade, 
which Brannan had sent from the Dyer Field to assist Baird, 
dashed into the field from a point a little north of the 
Kelly House. There were two regiments in his front line 
and two in the second, both parallel to the road. Before it 
had cleared the thicket of pines, which then lined the west 



204 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

side of the road, the Confederates, then only two hundred 
yards from its left flank, opened a heavy enfilading fire upon 
it. The men in the ranks could not see the enemy. Van 
Derveer took in the situation at a glance, rushed his brigade 
into the open field, changed front toward Stovall on a run, 
and laid both lines down almost in the face of the advancing 
enemy, fired a full volley, sent his second line over the first 
in a charge which the first followed and took part in. Sto- 
vall and Adams, being unsupported, were repulsed and forced 
back around the Union left, and the position was saved. 

By I o'clock the persistent but unsuccessful assaults of the 
Confederates upon the Kelly Field line had, diminished to 
affairs between skirmishers. 

About 5:30 p. M.. orders were received from Gen. Thomas 
to withdraw the line, beginning with Reynolds. His two 
brigades moved by the right flank to the La Fayette Road 
and marched northward. Arriving near the north line of 
the field, Turchin's Brigade filed to the left, and, facing 
by the rear rank, all started north on a charge through the 
McDonald Field. Its right flank passed close to the fronts 
of Govan's and Walthall's Brigades, capturing a portion of 
their skirmishers, and forcing their main line with its bat- 
teries to withdraw eastward across the La Fayette Road. 

Palmer's Division marched directly back tovvard the Kelly- 
House and reached the middle of the field before it was sub- 
jected to fire. Here it received a sharp artillery fire from 
the Poe Field, and also from beyond the north-east corner 
of the Kelly Field. However it reached the woods west of 
the road in organized condition, and proceeded toward 
McFarland's Gap. Johnson and Baird were hotly attacked 
just as the order came to retire. They withdrew under this 
attack in considerable confusion, but immediately reorgan- 
ized when once in the cover of the woods west of the La Fay- 
ette Road. At dusk the field and edge of the woods west 
and north of it were filled with the Confederate lines of 
Breckmridge, Gist, Cleburne, Cheatham and Stewart. 



2o6 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARk! 

The Withdrawal from Snod grass Hill. 
At sundown, Gen. Steedman's Division being out of am- 
munition, withdrew to the next ridge in rear of the one upon 
which they had fought during the afternoon. The Confed- 
erates followed to the crest and some distance down its 
northern slope. Above half of three regiments, the Twenty- 
First and Eighty-ninth Ohio, and the Twenty-second Michi- 
gan, attached to the left of Whitaker's Brigade, not receiving 
notice to withdraw, were captured at dusk by Trigg's and 
Kelly's Brigades of Preston's Division. At 7 o'clock the 
rest of the Snodgrass Hill line began to withdraw, commenc- 
ing with the left of Wood's, and ending about 8 o'clock 
with Van Derveer's Brigade, the right of Brannan's line, 
which then rested at the present observation tower. The di- 
visions as they withdrew, both from Snodgrass Hill and the 
Kelly Field, passed through McFarland's Gap to Rossville, 
and immediately took positions in Rossville Gap and upon 
Missionary Ridge, to the right and left of it, and across the 
valley nearly to Lookout Mountain. They thus remained in 
line of battle throughout September 21st. During the night 
of that day they moved on to Chattanooga and established 
their lines about the city on the morning of the 22d. These 
were immediately covered by rifle-pits, which in a few days 
grew into formidable field works. 



GUIDE TO THE CHATTANOOGA FIELDS. 207 



CHAPTER XV. 

GUIDE TO THE CHATTANOOGA FIELDS — LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, 
WAUHATCHIE, ORCHARD KNOB, MISSIONARY RIDGE. 

Arriving in Chattanooga in clear or fair weather, it is best 
to take advantage of it and first visit Lookout Mountain. 
From this point all the general features, and many of the 
details of the various campaigns and battles which resulted 
in the capture of Chattanooga, can be readily understood. 

The view presented of the ranges over which Rosecrans 
marched makes it easy to comprehend the strategy of his 
campaign. 

The electric , cars from the city connect at the base of 
the mountain with the Incline, which is a cable road to 
the foot of the palisades, connecting with steam cars that 
run along the western bluff, overlooking the Wauhatchie 
Valley, and the whole scene of Hooker's operations there, 
up to and including the battle of Lookout Mountain. The 
train then runs across the top of the mountain to its eastern 
side, and, turning again toward the point, stops at Lookout 
Inn, to which station it is best to purchase a round trip 
ticket at the foot of the Incline. From the Inn a short 
walk brings the visitor to the jutting point of the mountain, 
which is so plainly seen from Chattanooga. From this open 
rocky floor above the palisades, one of the most interesting 
views which any land affords spreads widely in all directions. 
Points in seven states are within the range of vision when 
the day is absolutely clear. Large areas of Alabama, Georgia, 
and Tennessee are close at hand. The mountains of South 
Carolina and North Carolina can be seen in ordinary condi- 
tions of the atmosphere, and on exceptionally clear days the 



2o8 THE NATIONAL MIMIARY PARK. 

eye reaches northward across Tennessee to the mountains 
about Cumberland Gap in Kentucky and Virginia. 

Standing on the point and facing Chattanooga, Wauhatchie 
A^alley, with the Raccoon Range beyond it over which 
Rosecrans' army marched from Bridgeport, are at the left. 
Wauhatchie Station is at the forks of the railroad toward the 
upper end of the valley. The branch to the right runs to 
Bridgeport, the one to the left to Trenton and Valley Head, 
at which points the Fourteenth Corps, and the Twentieth and 
Cavalry Corps, respectively, crossed Lookout, before the 
battle of Chickamauga, into the rear of Chattanooga. 

The little church and farm house a short distance toward 
the river from Wauhatchie Station is the ground of the night 
attack of Longstreet's troops on Geary's Division. (See 
Chapter X.) 

Looking down the Tennessee, in its last bend lies Will- 
iams' Island. Just above it on the left bank is a low range 
of hills parallel to the river. Brown's Ferry is opposite 
the first gap in this range above the island. To this point 
the flotilla of 52 boats carrying 1,600 men floated from 
behind Cameron Hill, the highest point in the city, before 
daylight of October 27th, and, landing there, captured the 
hills on either side of the road to the ferry. A bridge was 
then thrown, and a short way opened across the narrow neck 
to Chattanooga out of range of the guns on Lookout. This 
movement, in conjunction with Hooker's forces, which 
marched simultaneously from Bridgeport, re opened the Ten- 
nessee. The first crest in the range to the right of the rail- 
road where it crosses Lookout Creek is Tyndale's Hill, and 
the next to the right of that is Smith's Hill, so called after 
the brigades of the Eleventh Corps, which captured them in 
the night fight of October 23th. For full details, see Chaj)- 
ters IX and X. 

Turning toward Wauhatchie Station, a short distance be- 
yond it and to the left, is seen a low range running parallel 
to the mountain. Through the first gap in that range Geary's 



GUIDE TO THE CHATTANOOGA FIELDS. 209 

forces passed to cross Lookout Creek and ascend to the foot 
of the palisades, as the first move in the battle of Lookout 
Mountain. 

The Confederate works, held by the brigade of Gen. E. 
C. Walthall, were parallel to the palisades along the western 
side of the mountain and upon the first bench of the moun- 
tain below their foot. They are still well preserved. The 
left of these works was some 1,500 feet south of the point 
of the mountain. Directly under this north point lies the 
Craven House plateau, where the Union line, advancing 
from the west side of the mountain during the battle, first 
came into view from Chattanooga. The Craven House, 
known at the time of the battle as the White House, was 
the headquarters of Gen. Walthall. The great bend in the 
river opposite Lookout is Moccasin Point, the heel of the 
moccasin being near Brown's Ferry. The Union batteries 
were on the highest ground, and so swept the north face of 
the mountain that troops could not move upon it in daylight 
with safety. At its base, to the left and across Lookout 
Creek, is the ground from which Osterhaus' Division of 
Sherman's army crossed to take part under Hooker in 
the assault on the mountain. One brigade crossed from the 
open ground to the right of the railroad bridge, and one 
through the gap to the left of it. One brigade of Cruft's 
Division crossed with Geary, and the other near Osterhaus' 
upper crossing. For full details of the battle of Lookout 
Mountain, which was the second of the three day's battle of 
Chattanooga, see page 116. 

Looking toward the city, and to the extreme right of it, 
a large, low stand-pipe can be seen. It marks the site of 
Fort Wood (afterward Creighton), a strong work which was 
the eastern salient of the Union line. Upon the slope under 
its eastern face the Union forces formed on the afternoon of 
November 23, 1863, for the movement on Orchard Knob, 
which lies half way between Fort Wood and Missionary 
Ridge. The Knob can be seen just beyond the National 



GUIDE TO THE CHATTANOOGA FIELDS. 211 

Cemetery. For the details of this engagement, the first of 
the three days' battle of Chattanooga, see page 113. 

Fort Sheridan, the strong work of the city defenses upon 
the Union right, is still nearly perfect. It is upon the 
point of the Cameron Hill Ridge nearest Lookout. The 
circular road plainly seen at the base of the slope under 
it, marks its position. Fort Lytle was near the large school- 
building on the next height in the city east of Fort Sheri- 
dan, and Fort Negley (afterward Phelps) stood about half a 
mile south-east of the Public Building. It was also known 
as the Star Fort, and by the Confederates as Fort Cheatham, 
it having been begun by them. It was the strongest outer 
work at the center of the line. 

To the right across the plain, is Missionary Ridge. Ross- 
ville Gap, through which the main road runs across the Chick- 
amauga Field to La Fayette, is the low depression directly 
east of the point of the mountain. The distance from Ross- 
ville to the north end of Missionary Ridge is eight miles. 
The first tower north of the Gap marks the site of Bragg's 
Headquarters. It is four miles from Rossville. The second 
tower marks the point where Baird's Division, the left of 
Gen. Thomas' assaulting column, gained the Ridge. The 
right of the storming line of the Army of the Cumberland 
reached nearly half way between Bragg's Headquarters and 
Rossville. 

The small town in the gap of Missionary Ridge near its 
northern point marks the ground of Gen. Sherman's fighting 
in the battle of Missionary Ridge. For the details .of his 
crossing of the river, see page 12c, and for the account of 
the battle of Missionary Ridge, see page 123. 

The next depression south of Rossville is McFarland's 
Gap. The battle field of Chickamauga lies about two and 
one-half miles east of Missionary Ridge and between Ross- 
ville and McFarland's Gap. Through the latter, the Union 
army withdrew at the close of the battle, and, passing out 
again through Rossville Gaj), formed its lines at its southern 




Scaling the Palisades — Lookout, Nov. 25. (See p. xvii. ) 



GUIDE TO THE CHA'ITANOOGA FIELDS. 213 

opening, and on each side of it, upon Missionary Ridge, and 
across the valley to Lookout. Here it remained during Sep- 
tember 2 1 St. The night of that day, and the morning of 
the 2 2d, it moved forward to Chattanooga, and for the first 
time occupied the city in force. 

From the summit, stairs on the west lead down the pali- 
sades to the Incline. These stairs have replaced rude lad- 
ders and ropes by which the summit could be reached in war 
times, and they mark the line over which a company from 
the Eighth Kentucky of Whitaker's Brigade of Cruft's Divi- 
sion clambered before daylight of November 25th, and at 
sunrise displayed their flag in the sight of both armies. 
From the wide porches at the hotel at the base of the pali- 
sades, the same view heretofore described, spreads below the 
observer, and the conveniences for studying it are all that 
could be desired. 

Orchard Knob, Sherman Heights, and Bragg^s Headquarters. 
There are two lines of electric cars to Orchard Knob. One 
of these passes the National Cemetery, and runs to Bragg's 
Headquarters on Missionary Ridge, and thence along the 
Ridge about balf way to Rossville. If the visitor has not 
time to drive on the Ridge, or does not care to take 
a carriage, this trip, \vith the scene from the observation 
tower at Bragg's Headquarters, gives a very satisfactory idea 
of the Ridge and the battle fields about it. 

A line of steam cars runs by way of Orchard Knob to 
Sherman Heights, the station at the latter point being in the 
center of Gen. Sherman's operations against the north end of 
Missionary Ridge. The positions of Hardee's troops on the 
summit of Tunnel Hill, and the ground of the assaults of 
Corse's, Loomis', Matthies', Raum's, and Bushbeck's Bri- 
gades are within fair walking distance. The fares by all 
these lines are the ordinary street car rates. 



214 THE NATIONAL- MILITARY PARK. 

O/rhard Knob. 

Standing on the Knob, and looking back toward the city, 
the position of Fort Wood is marked by the low, black stand- 
pipe. The slope in front of it is where the Union army 
formed for the advance on Orchard Knob and the adjacent 
lines. For details, see page 113. 

Looking toward Missionary Ridge, the tower to the left 
stands at the point where Van Derveer's Brigade of Baird's 
Division went up the Ridge. This was the left division of 
the line of assault of the Army of the Cumberland. The 
tower to the right is on the site of Bragg's Headquarters and 
also marks the point where the center of Sheridan's Division 
gained the crest. A division and half front of the assaulting 
line was south of this tower. The storming column started 
across the plain from the line of Orchard Knob. Its front 
was two miles and a half, and the lines diverging somewhat 
as they advanced, the length of the crest carried by the as- 
sault was three miles, excluding the south end toward Ross- 
ville, where a mile was carried by Hooker's troops. 

For the details of the battle of Missionary Ridge, see page 
123. 

As has been elsewhere explained, a visit to the Ridge and 
to Chickamauga may be combined by driving first to Bragg's 
Headquarters, or even to the tower at the De Long place, and 
then taking the Crest Road to Chickamauga. Or, this may 
be reversed, driving first by Rossville to Chickamauga and 
returning by the Crest Road. This, however, is too long a 
drive to allow of any thing more than a glance at the prom- 
inent points of interest. 

T/ie Drive upon the Crest Road. 

The most satisfactory method of visiting Missionary Ridge 

is to take a carriage from Chattanooga and drive its entire 

length. The grades are such toward the northern end as to 

make Rossville the better point of approaching the Ridge 



GUIDE TO THE CHATTANOOGA FIELDS. 215 

than Sherman Heights. From the latter point the return can 
then be by the Harrison Turnpike through the valley. 

At Rossville, the ground of Hooker's advance from Look- 
out Mountain is reached. The tablets through the Gap ex- 
plain the movements of his division. Osterhaus, leading, 
passed through, and, marching northward along the eastern 
side of the Ridge, assaulted it from that direction, gaining 
the crest about a mile north of Rossville. 

Cruft marched into the Gap, faced the southern extremity 
of the Ridge and carried it. Geary turned along its western 
base from Rossville, and finally assaulted and carried the 
crest about three-quarters of a mile north. 

Leaving these positions, which are indicated by the tablets 
on the Crest Road, a short drive suffices to reach the right 
of the assault of the Army of the Cumberland. This point 
is about opposite East Lake, which is plainly seen near the 
base of the Ridge. 

The Confederate divisions on the crest, running from the 
left at Rossville to the right at Tunnel Hill, were as follows : 
Stewart's, stretched from Rossville Gap to Bragg's Head- 
quarters. As Gen. Breckinridge took Stewart's strongest bri- 
gade (Clayton's) to resist Hooker in Rossville Gap, the left 
of Gen. Stewart's line was exceedingly thin, and all of it 
was much attenuated. Next north of Bragg's Headquarters 
was Reynolds' Brigade of Bushrod Johnson's Division, fol- 
lowed on the line by Breckinridge's Division, commanded by 
Bate. Beyond Bate, came Hindman's Division, commanded 
by Patton Anderson, reaching to the vicinity of the tower at 
the De Long place. North of that, and beyond the left of 
the assaulting lines of Gen. Thomas, were the divisions of 
Cheatham, Walker, and Stevenson, the latter supporting 
Cleburne at the Tunnel, and, lastly, the division of Cle- 
burne strongly posted on the first high hill north of it. 

Beginning at the right of Johnson's line of the Army of 
the Cumberland, which r^ested nearly as far south as East 
Lake, the force of Gen. Thomas which moved from its cen- 



2l6 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

tral line in the plain to storm the Ridge was arranged from 
right to left as follows : Johnson, Sheridan. Wood, and « 
Baird. Sheridan's center moved against Bragg's Head- 
quarters ; Wood's right crowned the Ridge about the cross- 
ing of the Bird's Mill Road — the point where the electric 
road at the extreme end of McCallie Avenue now reaches the 
summit. Baird's center gained the crest at the De Long 
Tower, and his left brigade (Phelps") at the next jutting spur 
north of it. 

All these positions are clearly designated by tablets. In 
reading them, it should be remembered that at nearly all 
points the Confederate line was established upon the summit, 
and did not follow the present road, although near it through- 
out its extent. 

From the towers can be seen both Orchard Knob, the 
headquarters of Gens. Grant, Thomas, and Gordon Granger 
during the battle of the 25th November, and Fort Wood, 
before which the lines were formed for the first day's advance 
to Orchard Knob. The place of Sherman's crossing is also 
visible. 

The open ground behind the crest, some 600 yards 
north of the De Long Tower, is where Walthall's Brigade of 
Cheatham's Division formed to resist the northward advance 
of Baird's Division, after the latter had reached the summit 
of the Ridge. Jackson and Moore's Brigades, which con- 
stituted the left of Cheatham's Division, were rushed to the 
left to oppose Baird as his movement up the Ridge began, 
but were unsuccessful. Walthall's line, however, held until 
darkness ended the contest. Meantime, before the action 
closed. Brown's Brigade of Stevenson's Division had arrived 
from the Tunnel. Forming on the left of Walthall, it par- 
ticipated in the final checking of Baird's northward advance 
along the Ridge. 

Contrary to prevailing impressions, no Confederate troops 
left the front of the Army of the Cumberland to oppose Gen. 
Sherman, after the battle of Tunnel Hill opened. It is true, 



2l8 THE NATIONAL MILI'IAKY PARK. 

instead, that troops left Sherman's front soon after the move- 
ment of Gen. Thomas' line began, and reached Cheatham's 
position in time to take part in the effort to resist Baird's ad- 
vance on the Ridge. 

After leaving the ground of Walthall's fight, the drive 
passes beyond the left of the Union troops in the center. 
Cheatham's and Walker's Divisions had no enemy in their 
front until Cheatham's moved to resist Baird. Stevenson's 
Division, which came next on their right, but with a consid- 
erable interval intervening, reached to the left of Sherman's 
lines, and joined Cleburne's Division at the Tunnel. 

Tablets along this section of the Crest Road designate all 
these positions. 

For a full account of Sherman's crossing and advance 
against Tunnel Hill, and Hardee's defense of the latter, 
which was chiefly executed by Gen. Cleburne, see pages 120, 
126, and following. 

The most convenient way of returning to the city is to 
leave the Ridge at the Tunnel, and drive down through 
Sherman Heights, over the ground of Gen. Sherman's forma- 
tions for attack, and thence to the city by the Harrison 
Turnpike. 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK. PROJECT. 219 



CHAPTER XVI. 

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT — THE 
CHICKAMAUGA MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 

The first steps in the development of the National Military 
Park embraced only the battle field of Chickamauga. This 
part of the project had its origin in a visit to the field, in 
June, 1888, of Gen. Ferd. Van Derveer, a noted officer of 
the Army of the Cumberland; and the author of this work, 
then Washington correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial 
Gazette. 

In a series of letters to that newspaper describing the con- 
dition of the field, and reviewing the campaign and the bat- 
tle, the Park scheme was thus suggested : 

"The survivors of the Army of the Cumberland should 
awake to great pride in this notable field of Chickamauga. 
Why should it not, as well as eastern fields, be marked by 
monuments, and its lines be accurately preserved for history? 
There was no more magnificent fighting during the war than 
both armies did there. Both sides might well unite in pre- 
serving the field where both, in a military sense, won such 
renown." 

It will thus be seen that from the first the plan differed 
essentially from that of Gettysburg^ where, up to that time, 
only the Union lines, that is, only one side of the battle, had 
been marked. The suggestion was received with much fa- 
vorable comment at the North. 

At the next annual meeting of the Society of the Army of 
the Cumberland, held at Chicago a few weeks later, on mo- 
tion of Gen. Henry M. Cist, then corresponding secretary 
of the society, a resolution was adopted providing that a 



220 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

committee of five be appointed by the chair for the purpose 
of taking the necessary steps to inaugurate a movement for 
the purchase of the ground on which the battle of Chicka- 
mauga was fought, that monuments be placed thereon to 
mark the location of the troops that fought there, and that 
it be preserved similar to the plan of the battle field of 
Gettysburg. Gen. Rosecrans, president of the society, ap- 
pointed as members of this committee Gen. Henrv M. Cist, 
Gen. Charles F. Manderson, Gen. Russell A. Alger, Gen. 
Absalom Baird, Gen. Henry V. Boynton. 

This committee met in Washington City, February 13, 
1889. Gen. Manderson presided. It was agreed to invite 
such Confederate veterans of the battle of Chickamauga as 
were in Washington to unite in forming a Chickamauga Me- 
morial Association. This jomt conference was held February 
14th, in the room of the Senate Committee on Military 
Affairs. Those present were Gens. Rosecrans, Baird, Rey- 
nolds, Cist, Manderson, and Boynton, and Col. Kellogg, of 
the Union officers; and Gens. Bate, of Tennessee; Colquitt, 
of Georgia ; Walthall, of Mississippi ; Morgan and Wheeler, 
of Alabama; Wright, of Tennessee; and Cols. Bankhead, of 
Alabama; and Morgan, of Mississippi. 

The plan of preserving and marking the field of Chicka- 
mauga, under the auspices of a joint memorial corporation rep- 
resenting all the states that had troops there, patterned in gen- 
eral after the organization of the Gettysburg Association, was 
cordially approved. Gens. Cist and Colquitt were appointed 
a committee, with power to add four to their number, to pre- 
pare an act of incorporation and correspond with leading 
officers from each state whose troops fought at Chickamauga, 
with a view of securing a proper list of incorporators. The 
sub-committee was completed by adding Gens. Baird, Boyn- 
ton, Walthall, Wheeler, Wright, and Col. S. C. Kellogg. It 
was agreed that each side should name fifty of the leading 
veterans of that field and some civilians. North and South, 
who had prominently identified themselves with the project, 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 22 1 

as incorporators of a Joint Chickamauga Memorial Associa- 
tion for preserving and marking the battle field. 

At a subsequent meeting, a list of incorporators and the 
outlines of a charter were agreed upon, and Senator Colquitt 
was appointed to take the necessary steps to secure the incor- 
poration. He placed the matter in the hands of Julius 
Brown, Esq., of Atlanta, who, declining compensation, gave 
the subject prompt attention, and prepared a petition for a 
charter, which he secured from the Superior Court of Walker 
county, Georgia, on the 4th of December, 1889. 

The objects of the Association were declared in the charter 
to be "to mark and preserve the battle field of Chickamauga, 
on which were fought the actions of September eighteenth, 
nineteenth, and twentieth, Anno Domini, one thousand 
eight hundred and sixty-three, together with the natural and 
artificial features, as they were at the time of said battle, by 
such memorial stones, tablets, or monuments as a generous 
people may aid to erect, to commemorate the valor displayed 
by American soldiers on that field." 

On the 19th of September, 18S9, a joint meeting of Union 
and Confederate veterans was called, to be held in the tent 
at Chattanooga erected for the annual reunion of the Society 
of the Army of the Cumberland, to consider the subject of 
the Chickamauga Park. The meeting was under the auspices 
of the following local committee : on Chickamauga Memorial 
Association — Adolph S. Ochs, chairman, Maj. A. G. Sharj\ 
Gen. S. B. Moe, Capt. J. F. Shipp, Maj. W. J. Colburn, Maj. 
H. S. Chamberlain, Maj. C. W. Norwood, J. B. Nicklin; on 
Chickamauga Barbecue — Gordon Lee, chairman, W. P. Mc- 
Clatchey, secretary. 

The large tent was crowded to its capacity by strong repre- 
sentations of both armies and leading citizens interested with 
them. Addresses, setting forth the features of the Park 
project and indorsing it with great enthusiasm, were made 
by Gen. Rosecrans and other Union veterans, and by ex- 



222 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Governor A. S. Marks, of Nashville, and Hon. W. A. Hen- 
derson, of Knoxville. 

Nothing can give a better idea of the spirit which marked 
the inauguration of the Park project than extracts from these 
speeches : 

Upon calling the vast assembly to order, Gen. Rosecrans 
said: • 

Ladies and Gentlemen and Comrades of the Blue and the Gray : 
This occasion is one for which you will look through his- 
tory in vain to find a second. To-day twenty-six years ago 
began the great bloody battle of Saturday, the 19th day of 
September, 1863, within twelve miles of this place, and the 
survivors of that battle, both Blue and Gray, and the people 
who to-day enjoy the fruits which grew out of that battle, 
are assembled together to consider how they shall make it a 
national memorial ground, which people of all time shall 
come and visit with the interest due to the greatness of the 
events which occurred on that battle ground. One of the 
most noble features to me of the occasion is this : It is very 
difficult to find in history an instance where contending 
parties in after years meet together in perfect amitv. It 
took great men to win that battle, but it takes greater men 
still, I will say morally greater, to wipe away all the ill feel- 
ing which naturally grows out of such a contest. [Ap- 
plause.] 

To me there is another feature of peculiar interest, and 
that is that there has been no time since the war when the 
respect felt by the people of the South for the men who 
fought and fell in their cause could be shown by systemat- 
ically undertaking to commemorate the deeds they per- 
formed, and to keep alive their memories by the erection 
of monuments, without incurring the criticism that they were 
keeping up the memories of the war and the feelings of hatred 
which ought to perish as peace returns. 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 223 

On the soil of Georgia both the Bhie and the Gray can 
unite in obtaining control over the grounds, laying out the 
roads and marking sites where the men entitled, in their 
opinion, to special respect and special veneration, may have 
monuments erected to their memories, where the organiza- 
tions who choose to do so can put up monuments to the 
heroism displayed on those fields without criticism and with 
rather the feeling of comradeship. That to me is a very 
noble thing, and I believe that the spirit which brings you 
here on this occasion, and the foundation upon which your 
views of that thing rests, conspire to produce a result very 
wonderful, indeed. 

You will be told a great many things by those who will 
follow me to show how strong the foundation of our expecta- 
tion is that we are commencing a national event at this meet- 
ing this afternoon. 

As I am quite unfitted for public speaking and heartily de- 
test the task, I think what I have said will be enough to show 
to you how thankful I am to be with you and to be called 
upon to preside over this meeting. 

The first exercise in order will be some remarks from Gen. 
H. V. Boynton, who deserves the thanks of every body, and 
especially of the comrades of the Army of the Cumberland, 
for his work in studying up this subject, and he will tell you 
a great deal more than I can about it. 

Gen. Boynton spoke as follows: 

My Friends : 

I have been asked to make a statement of the objects 
which those members of the Society of the Army of the 
Cumberland who conceived the idea of a Joint Chickamauga 
Memorial Association have in view, the motives which actu- 
ate them, and the methods by which they hope to attain the 
desired ends. These I will attempt to set forth in brief 
form. 



224 "I'HE NATIONAL MILITARY PAKK. 

Perhaps, if I take a few moments in going over the path 
which led some of us to a deep interest in this project, it may 
suggest to you strong reasons in support of it. 

A year ago last summer, it was my privilege to revisit 
Chickamauga in company with my old commander, Gen. 
Van Derveer. The ride was the more impressive because 
the day was Sunday. On reaching the Cloud House, on the 
northern boundaries of the field, there came to us from a 
country church near by the voice of solemn song. 

The last music which had fallen on our ears, as we left 
that field a quarter of a century before, was the screech, the 
rattle, the roar, the thunder of that hell of battle which had 
loaded the air with horror through all that earlier and well- 
remembered Sabbath. 

In a moment, as with a flash, memory peopled those scenes 
for us with the actors of that other day. We gloried in 
Rosecrans, and mourned that Thomas did not still live to 
enjoy his ever-increasing renown. 

We saw Baird's and Johnson's and Palmer's and Reynolds' 
immovable lines around the Kelly Farm. We recalled Wood 
on the spur of Snodgrass Hill, and Brannan, and Grosvenor 
and Steedman under Granger on the Horseshoe. 

There rolled back on the mind the unequaled fighting of 
that thin and contracted line of heroes ; and the magnificent 
Confederate assaults which swept in upon us time and again, 
and ceaselessly, as that service of all the gods of war went 
on throughout those Sabbath hours. 

Then — thinking of our Union lines alone — we said to each 
other : " This field should be a western Gettysburg — a Chick- 
amauga memorial." 

It was but a flash forward in thought to our present plan, 
and the proposition became — ''Aye, it should be more than 
Getty.sburg, with its monuments along one side alone ; the 
lines of both armies should be equally marked;" 

We went over the ground where Forrest's and Walker's 
men had marclied on Saturday into the smoke of our rifles 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 225 

and the very flame of our batteries. Again we saw their 
ranks melt as snowflakes disappear over the heat of conflagra- 
tion. 

We stood on Baird's line, where Helm's Brigade went 
to pieces, but not till one man out of every three — think 
of that ! — not till one out of every three — was dead or 
wounded. 

We saw Longstreet's men roll in on the difficult slopes of 
the Horseshoe, dash wildly and break there, and recede, only 
to sweep on again almost with the regularity of the ocean 
surges, and ever marking a higher tide. 

We looked down again on those slopes, slippery with 
blood, and strewn thick as the leaves with all the horrible 
wreck of battle, over which, and in spite of repeated failure, 
these assaulting columns still formed, and reformed, and 
came on. 

And then, thinking of this as fighting alone — grand, awe- 
inspiring, magnificent fighting — the project of a Joint Chicka- 
mauga Battle Field Assciation was born in the mind. 

I stood silent, thinking of that unsurpassed Confederate 
fighting, and in my heart thanked God that the men 
who were equal to such endeavors on the battle field were 
Americans. Behold the essentials and the essence of our 
project ! 

Let all the lines be marked. Let the whole unbroken his- 
tory of such a field be carefully preserved. 

So thinking, on my return home I wrote of Chickamauga 
to the Cincinnaii Commercial Gazette, of August 17th, thus 
publicly suggesting the scheme : 

"The survivors of the Army of the Cumberland should 
awake to great pride in this notable field of Chickamauga. 
Why should it not, as well as Eastern fields, he marked by 
monuments, and its lines be accurately preserved for history? 
There was no more magnificent fighting during the war than 
both armies did there. Both sides might well unite in pre- 



226 THK NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

serving the field where both, in a miUtary sense, won such 
renown.'' 

The idea received much and only favorable comment in the 
North. 

Twenty-six years ago to-day the thunders of the deadliest 
battle of modern times were rolling over the low lands and 
re-echoing from the mountains which look down upon Chicka- 
mauga. Many great battles shook our continent and attracted 
the attention of the world as our war went on ; but the splen- 
did facts of the bitter, stubborn, and desperate contest along 
the unknown stream, in the thick forests which lined it, and 
on the ridges which dominated them, were, for years, almost 
as completely hidden from the public as were the armies 
which operated over this obscure and tangled field. 

But, as the publication of the official records of both armies 
has progressed, and made intelligent study of the strategy 
and the fighting of Chickamauga possible, the battle has 
been gradually revealed to the public until it stands to-day 
where those of us who participated knew so well that it de- 
served to rank — for both armies — as the most stubbornly con- 
tested battle of the war. And not only this, but the per- 
centage of its casualty lists are found to exceed those of 
Napoleon's most noted battles, as well as those of all the 
later fields of modern Europe. This conclusively appears 
from some facts which I have heretofore presented in print 
in regard to Chickamauga, and which are pertinent here. 

The marvel of German fighting in the great battle of Mars 
la Tour was performed by the Third Westphalian Regiment. 
It suffered the heaviest loss in the German army during the 
Franco-Prussian war. It went into battle 3,000 strong, and 
its loss was 49.4 per cent. There was nothing in the cam- 
paigns of which this formed a part which exceeded these 
figures, and they became famous throughout the German 
army. And yet in our war there were over sixty regiments 
whose losses exceeded this. Seventeen of them lost above 
60 per cent, and quite a number ranged from 70 to So. 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 227 

There were over a score of regiments on each side at Chicka- 
mauga whose loss exceeded that of the Westphalian Regi- 
ment. The percentage of loss in the charge of the Light 
Brigade at Balaklava, of world-wide celebrity, was only 36.7. 

The battle was desperate from the moment it opened till 
its close. For the most part the lines fought at close range, 
and, in the countless assaults, often hand to hand. On the 
first day there were no field w^orks of any kind. On the 
second, Thomas was protected on the Kelly Farm by such 
rude logworks as could be hastily thrown together. Bran- 
nan, after the break on Sunday, and Steedman were with- 
out a semblance of works. The battle, in the main, on both 
sides, was dogged, stand-up fighting far within the limits of 
point-blank range. For the second day, on the Confederate 
side, the contest was one continued series of brave and mag- 
nificent assaults. 

A reference to the losses on each side will show that there 
has been no exaggeration in the description of the fighting. 
Rosecrans' loss was 16,179. This included 4,774 missing, 
of w^hich a large number were killed or wounded. Bragg's 
losses, as compiled and estimated at the War Records office, 
were 17,804. Thus the total loss for each army was over 
25 per cent of the entire force of each, and it will be found 
to average about 33 per cent on each side for the troops 
actually engaged. 

Longstreet's wing of the Confederate army lost 44 per 
cent, nearly all of this on the second day, and the largest 
part of that in an hour and a half on Sunday afternoon. 

Steedman's and Brannan's Divisions, which confronted a 
portion of Longstreet's assault, lost, the first, 49 per cent in 
four hours, and all these were killed or wounded but one, 
and the second an average of 38 percent, while one brigade, 
Van Derveer's, of Brannan, lost only a small fraction less 
than 50 per cent 

For the entire Union army the losses ranged from these 



228 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

maximum figures down to 33 per cent, a terrible minimum of 
one in three. 

Bushrod Johnson's Division lost 44 per cent, Patton An- 
derson's Brigade, of Hindman's, 30 percent, and most of this 
on Sunday afternoon. Bate's Brigade, of Stewart's Division, 
lost 52 per cent. Preston's division, in an hour and a half 
before sunset on Sunday, lost 33 per cent, and Grade's Bri- 
gade nearly 35 per cent in a single hour while assaulting 
Brannan's position on the Horseshoe. The Brigade losses in 
Cheatham's Division ranged from 35 to 50 per cent. The 
aggregate loss in Breckinridge's Division was ;^;^ per cent. 
Cleburne's loss was 43 per cent. 

These figures become the more significant when compared 
with the statement of losses of the world's noted battles. 
Gen. Wheeler, the distinguished Confederate cavalry com- 
mander, thus vividly presented this question at the gathering 
of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland and Confed- 
erates in Chattanooga in 1881, first premising that: 

" Waterloo was one of the most desperate and bloody fields 
chronicled in European history." Gen. Wheeler showed that 
Wellington's casualties were much below the rate for either 
side at Chickamauga or Gettysburg. "At Shiloh, the first 
great battle in which Gen. Grant was engaged, one side lost 
in killed and wounded 9,740 out of 33,000, while their op- 
])onents reported their killed and wounded at 9,616, making 
the casualties about 30 per cent. At the great Battle of Wa- 
gram, Napoleon lost but about 5 per cent. At Wurzburg the 
French lost but 3}^ per cent, and yet the army gave up the 
field and retreated to the Rhine. At Racour, Marshal Saxe 
lost but 2)4 per cent. At Zurich, Massena lost but 8 per 
cent. At Lagriz, Frederick lost but 6}4 per cent. At Mal- 
plaquet, Marlborough lost but 10 per cent, and at Ramillies 
the same intrepid commander lost but 6 per cent. At Con- 
tras, Henry of Navarre was reported as cut to pieces, yet his 
loss was less than 10 per cent. At Lodi, Napoleon lost i}^ 
per cent. At Valmy, Frederick lost but 3 per cent, and at the 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 229 

great battles of Marengo and Austerlitz, sanguinary as they 
were, Napoleon lost an average of less than 14 Jo per cent. 
At Magenta and Solferino, in 1859, the average loss of both 
armies was less than 9 per cent. At Worth, Specheran, Mars 
la Tour, Gravelotte and Sedan, in 1870, the average loss was 
12 per cent. At Linden, Gen. Moreau lost but 4 per cent, 
and the Archduke John lost 7 per cent in killed and wounded. 
Americans-scarcelycall this a liVely skirmish. At Perryville, 
Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Adanta, Gettysburg, Mission- 
ary Ridge, the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania, the loss fre- 
quently reached, and sometimes exceeded, 40 per cent, and 
the average of killed and wounded on one side or the other 
was over 30 per cent." 

When it is considered that this degree of bitter fighting 
was persistently maintained by both sides throughout two 
days, without any defensive works deserving the name, and 
for the most part without any at all except as the natural fea- 
tures of the ground supplied them in part to the Union side, 
it is readily seen that there is no other field of the war 
which more fully illustrates the indomitable courage and all the 
varied fighting qualities of the American veteran. A large 
number of organizations on both sides in that battle came 
out of it with a loss of every other man who entered it, 
killed or wounded. 

The assaults on the Confederate side were without parallel 
in the war. Pickett's charge at Gettysburg was a single effort. 
But Longstreet's entire wing at Chickamauga assaulted time 
and again on far more difficult ground than the slopes of Cem- 
etery Hill. There were three general assaults which each de- 
served to rank with Pickett's charge, while the Union defense 
of the Horseshoe Ridge is also without parallel in the war. 
So thin a line never. before successfully withstood such tre- 
mendous assaults. Of the whole battle, from opening to 
close, there was never truer thing written than Gen. Hind- 
man's words in regard to his conflict with Granger's troops : 
" I have never known Federal troops to fight so well. It is 



230 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

just to say, also, that I never saw Confederate soldiers fight 
better." And Kershaw, of Longstreet's Virginia troops, who 
had seen all the fighting in the army of Northern Virginia, said 
of one of the Confederate assaults which Brannan repulsed : 
"This was one of the heaviest attacks of the war on a single 
point." 

Surely the ground of such fighting deserves to be preserved 
for pilgrimages and historic study. To illustrate the attain- 
ments of soldierly endeavor with which the veterans of each 
army distinguished themselves in our war, there is no spot of 
fighting ground in which each can take a greater pride, or 
where each can lay stronger claims to victory. While the 
Confederates secured and held the field. Gen. Rosecrans 
gained his objective — Chattanooga. 

Chickamauga is, then, beyond question, the most noted 
battle field of modern times, when measured by the stubborn 
and undaunted fighting done upon it — a standard whose fair- 
ness there will be none to dispute. 

We meet here, surviving veterans of that field, ranged 
once in confronting lines, fringed with all that made war hor- 
rible or gilded its horrors with glory. We, who fought as 
iron veterans fight, gather here to-day under one flag, citizens 
of one country, to celebrate and take measures to perpetuate 
the memory of the fighting which will cause Chickamauga to 
take first rank among the battles of the world. 

So far as I understand it, this is in no sense a political 
move. Nor need it be regarded as non-partisan. Speaking 
for myself, I do not desire to be misunderstood. I yield to 
no man an iota of my convictions. They are as dear to me, 
and as clear to my mind, as when we fought for them. On 
the other hand, for the purposes which we seek here, I ask no 
one of the brave men who fought for their convictions under 
a different flag to yield them in any degree to me. These 
differences we do not discuss, nor do they properly enter into 
our project. 

That contemplates mainly American fighting as fighting — 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 23 I 

the celebrating in enduring bronze and marble the achieve- 
ments of American manhood as illustrated in the unsur- 
passed pluck and endurance, the stubborn, desperate, and 
magnificent fighting performed by each side on this field of 
Chickamauga. 

We propose to take a very important, very necessary, and 
eminently practical step beyond the far-famed Gettysburg 
Memorial Association, and ascertain and permanently desig- 
nate all the lines of both armies, and set up tablets to mark 
the lines of advance and the extreme points reached by each 
squadron, battery, or regiment, be it Union or Confederate, 
and to state their strength and losses, to the end that the or- 
dinary visitor and military student shall be able, one and all, 
to understand our great object lesson of American prowess 
on the field of battle. 

As to the ways and means of our project, we propose to 
go before Congress at its coming session and ask it to appro- 
priate a sufficient sum to buy the entire field from Rossville 
Gap to Crawfish Springs, or so much thereof as the directors, 
when our organization is complete, may deem expedient to se- 
cure. This purchase, of course, must be contingent upon 
the State of Georgia ceding jurisdiction to the government 
for the sole purpose of maintaining a National Military 
Park. 

There is no intention of dispossessing the present owners 
and occupants of the field. It would be better that they 
should remain, upon conditions advantageous to themselves, 
to preserve its roads and its outlines of field and forest, and 
its farm houses, as they were at the time of the fight. But 
these things belong to the details of the project, and it will 
doubtless be easy to arrange them all so as to give general 
satisfaction. 

Eleven northern and eleven southern states had organiza- 
tions in the battle, and Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee 
had troops on each side. The United States were repre- 
sented by nine organizations. The general government will 



232 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK.. 

without doubt appropriate liberally, as it has done for the 
Gettysburg Field, to mark the positions of the regular regi- 
ments and batteries. The purpose is to ask each state to 
erect monuments to mark the ground where its troops distin- 
guished themselves. There must, therefore, be a joint man- 
agement of the Park by the government and the states inter- 
ested, the manner of which must be left to Congress and 
those charged with working out the details of the plan. 

To our proposed Park, ending at Rossville Gap, the city 
of Chattanooga and its immediate surroundings. Lookout, 
Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge, properly attach them- 
selves, enlarge the dimensions of our scheme, and make 
it unsurpassed and unsurpassable as a place for interesting 
pilgrimages or military study. Here the natural features, 
which for all time will clearly mark the lines of battle, are 
such that scarcely any thing is needed except tablets to mark 
the position of forts and headquarters, to complete the 
project we are here considering. The roads now exist lead- 
ing from Rossville to the extreme north point of Missionary 
Ridge, and from Chattanooga to all other points of chief 
interest in the noted fields about the city. 

No words from me to you who can, with vivid memory, re- 
people the fields and the surroundings of Chattanooga with 
the battle pageants which will make them illustrious for all 
time, are necessary to enforce our project, or make it clear 
that when once established it must excite universal and con- 
tinuing interest. 

ADDRESS OF EX-GOV. A. S. MARKS. 

When Gen. Boynton concluded his remarks, ex-Gov. 
Albert S. Marks, of Tennessee, was introduced and spoke as 
follows : 

Ladies and Gejitlemen and Old Soldiers Who Wore the Blue and 
the Gray : 
In the name of the soldiers of the South, soldiers of the 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 233 

North, I salute you and welcome you among us — welcome 
you to the fields of Chickamauga. 

It has been a long time ago since the men of the North 
fronted the men of the South on the bloody, stricken field of 
Chickamauga. By a common impulse — with one mind and 
one heart — the men of the South and the men of the North 
have here met again to-day to unite in celebrating the twenty- 
sixth anniversary, and to unite in a testimonial to pos- 
terity, that both have a common interest and a common 
heritage in the glories of the field of Chickamauga. 

When we met before, thousands of men, from Maine to 
Texas — from every state of the Union — came to Chickamauga 
and heard the long roll beat off for the last time. They died 
that Chickamauga might live forever, and so it was twenty- 
six years ago — in the blood of tens of thousands of brave 
men — Chickamauga was baptized into immortality. 

Where we stand to-day, then the firm earth trembled wiih 
the roar and crash of the great Lutzen of the civil war. That 
day when the guns were sounding and blood was running, 
was heard the rebel yell, ringing out as clear and sharp as 
the bray of ten thousand trumpets. Up from the field of 
Chickamauga it rose and rolled up the mountains, and now 
but a memory — now like an echo which has lost itself amid 
distant hills — it has gone forever sounding down the ages of 
history, poetry, and song. PVom the same field to-day rises 
the sweet anthem of peace. It swells up and away from the 
field of Chickamauga, swells over the sentineling mountains, 
and floats away to the lakes and oceans, its sweet strains tell- 
ing that the men of the North and of the South will learn war 
no more; telling that the battle cloud of Chickamauga has 
lifted, and above that glorious field the bow of promise and 
concord is gently bending, telling that peace, like a sweet 
benediction, shall rest upon the land forever. 

When we met here before we saw the rude, red hand of 
war work universal desolation upon the lovely plain of 
Chickamauga. Returning to-day, we see that nature, the ' 



234 THE NATKINAL MILITARY PARK. 

gentle priestess of a loving God, has painted out with her 
sweet and beautiful colors the last vestige of war's desolation. 
We see that she has re-clothed its naked, war-plowed fields 
with her verdant robe, and over them the gentle flocks and 
herds roam again unvexed. We then saw its forests — leaf- 
less, branchless — tossed and torn by the hurricane of war, but 
feeling her touch again they lift aloft their leafy crowns. 
Again she has made the beautiful flowers bloom and laden 
the air with their sweet perfume. She has brought the song- 
bird back, and again its sweet notes fill its forests with melody. 
Again she has restored the crystal waters to its streams, and 
now they flow so pure and limpid they give no sign they once 
ran red with the blood of the brave. 

Since we see that the beasts of the field, the birds of the 
air, and the inanimate earth heard her gentle voice and 
obeyed her sweet influence, can we wonder that when the 
soldiers of the North and the South meet again to-day on the 
field of Chickamauga, and look down into their hearts, that 
there, too, they find she has painted out every enmity, every 
resentment, every vestige of war, and deep down in the rich 
soil of mutual respect planted a concord and friendship which 
must endure as long as the men live who made the field of 
Chickamauga immortal. 

Speaking for my comrades, we frankly declare that we 
now regret, and have always regretted, that in the fertile soil 
of the tremendous differences between the North and the 
South the horrid seeds of war were ever sown. All our 
dead are buried and all our wounds are healed. Our 
backs are to war and our faces to peace. We recognize 
the sovereignty of the constitution, of the Union. We es- 
teem, respect, and honor you men of the North. With you 
we have one common country — a common destiny. Still 
we have memories which are surprisingly dear to us as a 
people. 

We glory in the recollection that, when hope was dying in 
the great Revolutionary heart, our ancestors, with their sabers 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK. PROJECT. 235 

in their teeth, cHmbed King's Mountain, and on its summit 
raised Independence to its feet, placed on its head the crown 
of poUtical freedom, and put in its hand the scepter of Amer- 
can destiny. 

We glory in the recollection that, in the second war for 
independence, on the plains of New Orleans, that our ances- 
tors with their bayonets dug up by the roots the willow of 
defeat and planted the oak of victory so firmly that since 
that day the foot of a foreign enemy has never polluted the 
soil of the Union. 

We glory in the recollection that when in the fullness of 
time we came to fight out the great quarrel of North and 
South, which came to us by inheritance, fronting conditions 
which, in the judgment of the world, made miraculous suc- 
cess alone possible, we boldly threw down the gage of battle 
in the face of a people among the most powerful, the most 
courageous, and most warlike of all the peoples under the 
sun, and for four long years waged the unequal conflict, and 
by our sublime courage and fortitude, in the very teeth of 
fate, time and again moved up and stood in the very shadow 
of triumph. 

When you remember that the Confederate soldiers marched 
and fought for four years in hunger and rags, you will not be 
surprised when I tell you that they, too, are drawing a pension. 
It is a pension which costs no man any thing, and the man 
who would take it away from them is too low to aspire to the 
dignity of being contemptible. The pension they draw is a 
proud consciousness of stern duty done in the light the great 
God gave to them to see and the undying love and reverence 
they bear to their dead comrades — their glorious dead, who 
never heard of the lost cause — who never saw the fallen 
banner, for when they fell it was floating proudly over them — 
who never surrendered — who never passed under the yoke — 
but caught up from the field of their glory — now beyond the 
river — under the martial trees, 



236 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

" On fame's eternal camping ground, 
Their silent tents are spread, 
While glory guards with solemn round 
The bivouac of the dead." 

Men of the North, we stand face to face with you to-day. 
We will not speak to each other with forked tongues. There 
has been much babblement about whether the South was 
right or wrong. I take leave to say in this presence it is still 
an open question. Accomplished facts put it in the power of 
the North to decide it. If the event shall prove that the fear of 
the people of the South was groundless, that the people of the 
North meant to take away from them their country and their 
government, inherited from their fathers, and to rule and ruin 
them through the agency of an alien race, then it will follow 
that the people of the South were in the wrong. But as cer- 
tain as the sun shines and the grass grows, if the time shall 
come (which God forbid !) that the people of any one of the 
Southern States shall be discrowned by the North, then the 
eternal verdict will be that the South was right when she 
struck in defense of the birthright of her people. 

This occasion affords me a fit opportunity to say what I 
think about your distinguished chairman. In my judgment, 
in comparison with his merits, he is the most underrated of 
all the Federal generals. We now have all the evidence be- 
fore us, and when we impartially measure him in its light, we 
can not fail to see that he is entitled to stand first among the 
Federal generals. 

Reviewing the summer and fall campaign of 1862, we find 
the general result was disastrous to the Federal armies. 
Aside from the repulse of Price and Van Dorn by Rose- 
crans at Corinth, the Confederate armies suffered no material 
reverse. 

The result of those campaigns had the effect to bring more 
than one of the foreign powers to q. serious consideration of 
the question of recognizing the Confederacy. It had the 
further effect of so alarming the people of the states of the 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 237 

Mississippi Valley as to the final result of the war, that they 
were considering whether the time had not come for them to 
surrender the Union to secure the free navigation of the Mis- 
sissippi. Both governments were apprised of the probable 
action of the foreign powers. We now know that in the 
month of October, 1862, Gen. McClernand went to Wash- 
ington and acquainted the general government with the fact 
that the states of the Mississippi Valley were ripe for a revolt, 
and that it would inevitably come unless that government 
immediately manifested its ability to overthrow the Confed- 
eracy. The Federal government saw its danger. 

To prevent the recognition of the Confederacy and the re- 
volt of the states of the Mississippi Valley it determined to 
press a winter campaign from Virginia to Vicksburg. Mc- 
Clellan was relieved, and Burnside pushed on to defeat at 
Fredericksburg in December 1862. In as many days sixty 
new regiments were raised in the states of the Mississippi 
Valley and pushed on to Grant and Sherman, and they were 
ordered to move on Vicksburg and take it. Their army 
was divided, Sherman to move by the river to Vicksburg 
and Grant to support him by moving on a parallel line. The 
Confederate government, seeing the crisis, took order accord- 
ingly. About the middle of December, Forrest penetrated 
West Tennessee, and blazing like a meteor so dazed and 
paralyzed Gen. Grant that Gen. Sherman was left to move 
unsupported to an overwhelming defeat at Vicksburg on the 
25th of December. 

It was on the 30th of December that Rosecrans formed his 
line in front of Murfreesboro. Up to that hour every battle 
fought in that winter campaign to prevent the recognition of 
the Confederates and to prevent the revolt of the Mississippi 
Valley had resulted in the overwhelming defeat of the Fed- 
eral armies. Events had made Murfreesboro the hinge upon, 
which the fortunes of the Confedaracy must turn. That bat- 
tle won by the Confederates, the paper blockade would be 
torn to tatters and the independence of the Confederacy as- 



238 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

sured. Gen. Rosecrans understood far better than the gov- 
ernment at Washington the gravity of the task assigned him. 
But a few days before his march began, Gen. Rosecrans had 
given his deposition in the Buell commission case, in which 
he had said upon oath that Bragg's Army, for its numbers, 
was the best army he ever saw. It was flushed with its 
brilHant victory at Perryville. He knew that in a fair field, 
man to man, the defeat of that army was impossible. His 
plan of battle was to move a heavy column upon his left, 
push it over Stone's River, turn the Confederate right, di- 
vided as it was from the Confederate left and center by 
Stone's River, and occupy Murfreesboro in the rear of the 
Confederate center, and by this maneuver win the battle. 
While this movement was in progress, Hardee, with the 
Confederate left, struck his right and ground it to powder. 
His center could not gain an inch of ground, and all it could 
do was to hold its ground by the most desperate fighting. His 
whole right was in full retreat, and Hardee driving to his 
rear like a tempest. By all the rules of war the Confed- 
erates had gained the day. They had raised the blockade. 
They had won the independence of the South. 

At this supreme moment the genius of Rosecrans struck 
the fatal blow to the Confederacy. He immediately recalled 
his left, formed it on a line perpendicular to his center, and 
there he stood with a line of battle the like of which had 
never before been seen on land or sea, waiting for Hardee 
and the Confederate left. When at last it fronted his new 
line, it had been cut to pieces by a half day's fighting. Its 
ammunition was spent. The men were worn down by a rush 
over two miles of fighting ground. Their artillery was far 
in their rear. They threw themselves upon the new line with 
the fury of heroes. The struggle was terrific, but the genius 
of Rosecrans had assigned them a task impossible for men 
to perform, and so it was not written in the book of fate that 
the Confederate left should have the glory of crushing both 
the riyln and left of the Federal army on the same field. 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 239 

On that field the genius of Rosecrans turned the paper 
blockade into one of adamant and doomed the Confederates 
to fight on to the end in hunger and rags, without pay and 
without the appUances for war. On that field his genius de- 
stroyed the Confederacy and re-established the Union. 
While on the arrow that struck us down we see the feather 
of Rosecrans, yet there is not a Confederate in the South 
who does not honor him, for, while in war he was our dead- 
liest enemy, in peace he has been our constant, unfaltering 
friend. 

General Rosecrans, with one voice, the soldiers of the 
South welcome you among them and salute you as first 
among the Federal generals! 

ADDRESS OF HON. W. A. HENDERSON. 

Hon. W. A. Henderson, of Knoxville, who was observed 
to be present, was next called upon by the Chairman, and, 
after repeated calls, he came on the platform and spoke, in 
part, as follows : 

Ladies, and Comrades of both Armies : 

I am proud to be selected for such an occasion as this. I 
came to listen and not to speak. I stopped on my way from 
my work in the mountains to my home in the hill country, 
to see what was being done and hear what was being said in 
this city of Chattanooga* * *. 

Now, if there is any man in the North who would like to 
carry back with him an absolute knowledge of what a rebel 
soldier thinks, representing that class which is the class 
that carried a musket and smelled gunpowder, I will tell 
you what the main body of them think on this subject. 
I don't speak for all, for in a pile of apples they aren't 
all sound [laughter], but I can tell you what, in my opinion, 
a backbone of the South thinks about this question, and you 
may carry it home with you and it will be verified. That is 
this : I believe it as strongly as any thing that was ever 



240 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

written by St. John, that the South, in material progress, 
has made more by the war than has the North. [Great 
cheering.] Some people thought the question of slavery 
was the bone of contention which brought on and which 
carried out the war. Rather in apposition than in oppo- 
sition to what Gen. Marks has just said, that question is 
settled now, and settled forever, and in that settlement of 
the question the South has gained more than the North. 
While those men who wore the blue were settling that ques- 
tion against us, in our teeth, I am of the opinion that they 
themselves did not know, and may not now know, how much 
good they were doing. [Applause.] 

While it is true that they set 4,000,000 slaves free, they 
did not know so well then, as we know now, that they also 
set free 4,000,000 of the young white men of the South [great 
applause] whose hands were bound down, chained by the 
prejudices that we were then living under. It may have 
been involuntarily done, but they have, for us, made it re- 
spectable to work, and it is this work by the young white 
men of the South, the mixing of brain with muscle, which 
never could have been done by slave labor, or her cousin- 
germain, convict labor. It is that which is rebuilding our 
temple more glorious than that which was originally con- 
structed by King Solomon. [Applause.] 

In the providence of God, this thing never could have 
been done in any other way. It was not a question for ar- 
gument. It was not a question for lawyers or courts. It 
was a question for the sword, and shot, and shell, and bayo- 
net. [Turning to Gen. Rosecrans.] You, sir, won the law- 
suit, but we got the mule. [Great and prolonged cheers.] 

This is what you can tell them when you go back to your 
homes, and you can tell them you have seen the facts of it 
working now. Look around you where we now stand. 
What old soldier who was here twenty-six years ago can go 
without the greatest difficulty around this city of Chattanooga 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 24 1 

and find the place even where his camp stood? He is look- 
ing for a mud hole and he finds a palace there. He is looking 
for an old field, and he finds improvements there. You find 
that the rock has given way to the vineyard, and the thistle 
is gone in the presence of the roses. 

The young white men of the South have done this and will 
do more. They never could have done it had it not been 
for the war. Now, this enterprise of yours, in attestation of 
this idea, I heartily bid God-speed. If heartily pressed, it 
will be a success beyond question. Let this Chickamauga 
of yours and ours be made eternal and holy as the Mecca of 
the Musselman and the Jerusalem of the Jew, where both 
sides can come, and where the descendants of the gray and 
blue may look upon it with mutual pride ; where, as it was 
before stated, the coming young man may study the art of 
war with the proudest battle field before his face that, in my 
opinion, is on this round world of ours; and these coming 
young men from both sides, standing side by side on this his- 
toric place, will become cemented firmer and stronger as the 
days go by ; and let me give warning to my friend, the chair- 
man of this meeting, that the young men of the South are 
watching their opportunity, day by day, to show to the 
world how true the Southern man is to the constitution and 
to our flag of the stars and stripes. I am persuaded that 
they are watching national issues, which will lead to disruption 
with other countries, closer than are the men of the North. 

The farmers talk to each other about the fishery question 
with England, and the internal policy of France, and the 
national questions that are involving other countries. If a 
foreign government should break the confines of the soil of 
the United States, I give you warning to look well to your 
laurels, that the men of the South do n't outstrip you in the 
contest in devotion to our Union. They look upon this flag 
as their flag, as it is their flag, because, while this war ended 
as it did, we left the questions that were involved in it behind 
us, and have returned to our own country. You may trust 



242 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

the man of the South as he trusts you. He will be hand to 
hand with you in other questions as, when lie thought he was 
right, he was bravely face to face against you. When such a 
time comes, then they will stand hand to hand and side by 
side. God speed your Chickamauga enterprise. I foretell 
that it will be successful, and we on our side will further its 
interests as far as it will be in our power to do so. 

Previous to this meeting, in pursuance of a joint invitation 
issued by Maj. W. J. Colburn, Chairman Executive Commit- 
tee Army of the Cumberland, Adolph S. Ochs, Chairman 
Local Committee Chickamauga National Park Association, 
and Capt. J. F. Shipp, Commander of Forrest Camp Con- 
federate Veterans, a preliminary meeting of Confederate 
veterans was held, at which Captain Shipp briefly outlined 
the object of the meeting and the proposed plan of organ- 
izing the Chickamauga National Park Association. The fol- 
lowing associations were represented : 

Army of the Tennessee Veteran Assoeiation, New Orleans — 
Gen. Jno. Glynn, Jr., E. T. Manning, Jno. McCoy, Capt. J. 
A. Chalaron, Lieut. Jno. B. Ballard, R. D. Scriven, Col. 
Fremaux, C. L. Sinclair, Capt. Eugene May, Col. Thos. H. 
Handy. 

Confederate Cavalry Assoeiation, New Orleans — Dr. Y. R. 
Lemonnier, Col. Jos. H. Duggan, Col. Robt. W. Gillespie. 

Washington Artillery, Army N'ortliern J^rginia, Ne7c> Or- 
leans — Gen. Wrn. J. Beham, Col. \Vm. ]\Iiller Owen. 

Tennessee State Association Confederate Veterans — Capt. Thos. 
Y. Perkins, President, Franklin, Tenn. 

Frank Cheatham Bivouac, Nashville, Tenn. — Col. Thos. 
Claiborn, Maj. J. W. Morton, Capt. Geo. B. Guild, Capt. 
Pat Griffin, Wm. Allen, John Shields. 

Confederate Veteran Association, Chicago, III. — Maj. Geo. • 
Forrester, Capt. R. H. Stewart. 

Forl>es Bivouac, Clarksville, Tenn. — Caj^t. C. W. Tyler, 
Chas. H. Bailey, Clay Stacker, Cave Johnson. 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 243 

Frierson Bivouac, Sliclbyvillc, Tcnn. — Hon. E. Shepard, H. 
C. AVhitesides, J. L. Burt, Dr. Samuel M. Thompson. 

The J. B. Palmer Bivouac, Murfreesboro, Tcnn. — Hon. J. 
W. Sparks. 

F. K. ZoUicoffer Camp, Knoxville, Tcnn. — Frank A. Moses, 
Chas. Ducloux. 

Veteran Qvifcderafc Sfafcs Cavalry Association, N'cw Or- 
leans — Maj. D. A. Given. 

N. B. Forrest Cavip Confederate Veterans, Chattanooga, 
Tenn. — Capt. J. F. Shipp, Capt. L. T. Dickinson, Capt. J. 
L. McCollum, Capt. M. H. Clift, Col. T. M. McConneil, 
Judge W. L. Eakin, Col. Tomlinson Fort, Capt. Milton Rus- 
sell, Dr. G. W. Drake. 

Capt. Geo. B. Guild, of Nashville, was elected Chairman, 
and E. T. Manning, Secretary. After a full explanation of 
the project, it was enthusiastically indorsed, and officers and 
directors to represent the Confederate side were elected. 

The next day a quorum of incorporators was held at 
Crawfish Springs, Georgia, for organization under the charter 
it being agreed that this should take place, as if the court 
had formally granted it, and that the organization there agreed 
upon should stand. The occasion was marked by one of the 
largest barbecues ever held in the South, tables being set for 
12,000 people, and all of them filled. This remarkable affair 
was organized and carried through by the active work of the 
committee of which Gordon Lee, Esq., was Chairman, and 
W. P. McClatchey Secretary. 

. The formal exercises preceding the barbecue were opened 
by Gov. John B. Gordon, of Georgia, who said : 

Mr. Chairman and Fellow Soldiers of both Armies : 

On this anniversary morning the South salutes you with un- 
covered heads, with open arms, and earnest, honest hearts. 

She can not receive you with costly and imposing cere- 
monials, but with simplicity of speech and patriotic purpose 



244 '^HE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

she gladly greets the brave and generous of each army and 
of every section. 

To this renowned battle ground, made memorable by your 
prowess and hallowed by American blood, she bids you wel- 
come. The South congratulates the whole country that these 
historic plains, where twenty-six years ago you met in deadly 
sectional conflict, are now to become the scene and witness 
of your joint pledge of restored and enduring fraternity. She 
congratulates the Republic that here where the North and 
the South marshaled their hosts for battle, these hosts now 
meet in living, lasting brotherhood, united in the bonds of mu- 
tual respect and confidence — a brotherhood made better, 
braver, and grander by mutually cherished and imperishable 
memories. 

The people of this section hail with pleasure tlie coming of 
all men who have borne themselves bravely on the field of 
duty, but they fling wide their open doors and greet with a 
thousand welcomes those who in war were brave, and in 
peace are both generous and just. 

True courage, always and every-where, challenges the re- 
spect and homage of mankind ; but the truest and highest 
courage is that which is born of lofty convictions, and is 
elevated in its aspirations, gentle, loving, and tender. 

True courage cherishes generosity as its noblest character- 
istic, conquers prejudice and passion as its highest achieve- 
ment, and thus brings to the victor the greatest possible glory, 
to the vanquished the least possible detriment, and to both 
the utmost possible harmony, happiness, and peace. 

To you. General Rosecrans, and soldiers of the Army of 
the Cumberland, I come with a soldier's greeting on my lips, 
and a soldier's sympathy in my heart. 

Speaking of those whom I am called to represent, I pledge 
their earnest co-operation in the sacred mission which con- 
venes you, and in all things which pertain to the peace, wel- 
fare, and unity of the American people. 

In their name I proclaim their eternal fealty to the Ameri- 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 245 

ican Constitution, which is their protecting shield; to the 
American Republic, which is the joint work of the Father's 
hands, and to the American Union of States, from which 
they withdrew for their safety, but which, now that the 
causes of dissensions are gone, they would loyally and 
bravely defend for their future protection. They rest in the 
assurance that the Union, though restored by arms, is to be 
preserved and made stronger and perpetual by universal amity 
and impartial laws. With a love for this whole country 
which no power can destroy ; with a title to its freedom 
which none will dispute ; with ancestral traditions which are 
dearer than life, we are here to unite with you in the final and 
eternal sepulture of sectional hostility. The causes which 
produced alienation were long since engulfed in the vortex 
of revolution beyond the power of resurrection. Let us 
therefore bury the passions which these causes evoked in a 
still deeper grave. 

Let us bury the foul spirit of discord so deep that no blast 
of partisan political trumpet, however wide-sounding and 
penetrating, can ever wake it to service again. 

Gainsay it who will, since slavery is abolished, and the 
Chinese wall along the line of 36° 38' is broken down, there 
is absolutely no legitimate barrier of separation and no cause 
for strife. 

Why may not the wide waves of sympathetic Continental 
patriotism roll from sea to sea, and from Maine to Texas, 
without a break or a ripple, or a single obstruction? God 
speed the day when this truth shall command recognition 
throughout the Republic. God speed the day when un- 
worthy doubt shall give place to universal trust ; when un- 
stinted faith in the unimpeachable honor and patriotism 
of the whole American people shall become an essential 
passport to public station ; when he who fights least for party 
and most for country shall be proclaimed by press and people 
as the wisest statesman and the truest friend of liberty. 



246 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

To this, Gen. Rosecrans made response : 

Comrades : 

How strange it seems that I am called upon by every rea- 
son and every sentiment to call you comrades, to call you 
fellow-citizens. I never was in a condition to fail to do it — 
to call the men comrades who, twenty-six years ago to-day, 
and at this hour, were in deadly conflict with my Northern 
soldiers over in those fields yonder. I see that I shall not 
be able to reach this audience ; I see that my voice will 
be as inadequate to reach this vast crowd as my words will 
be to express the gratification with which I return thanks to 
the Governor of this great State — to this gallant soldier who 
has given us such a splendid welcome, and in so doing has 
uttered such noble, patriotic, and far-reaching sentiments. 

Soldiers of the Army of the Cumberland ! See this vast 
crowd. It greets us through the Governor of the State to 
which they belong. It greets us with all this preparation, 
and I presume this entire affair was planned and paid for by 
the very men we used to call Confederates. [A voice — Right 
you are !] What does this signify ? The eloquent orator 
who had just taken his seat spoke of the magnanimity of the 
truly brave. What words can express the magnanimity of 
the Confederate soldiers who fought on this battle field 
twenty-six years ago, against the soldiers of the Army of the 
Cumberland who were here at that time, in a great contest 
for hfe. Cireat souls are those who fight for liberty; who 
sacrifice their property, their lives, and every thing that man 
holds dear ; but greater souls, still, are those who now uphold 
with unrelenting vigor the principles of friendship and fra- 
ternal greeting. Your eloquent Governor says why. I know 
not; I am unable to answer. I say they .^hould fraternize. 
We assembled to-day to carry out a project for making this 
a National Memorial Batde Field, a National Memorial 
liattle Park, dedicated to the bravery of the soldiers of the 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECr. 247 

United States — I wish I had a word that would cover it — 
American bravery. [Applause.] 

I believe that the work you have begun will be carried 
auspiciously through. If it is done, there will be no equal 
in these United States, nor will there be in the tide of time, 
fellow-citizens, a record of such a thing as this grand work 
which we propose to undertake, and which I have just men- 
tioned. I know of nothing in history comparable to it. I 
know of nothing which would inspire the soul or fire the 
heart of an American soldier as much as to see this splendid 
monument to American patriotism. 

I am sure that Clov. Gordon has so far expressed the 
feelings and sentiments of the noble soldiers of the Army 
of the Cumberland, that it is wasting words for me to under- 
take to gild fine gold, and I therefore proceed to say : If 
we can carry out the purpose for which this assemblage has 
met here, we can make this battle field a monument to 
national courage, pluck, endurance, and bravery. We know, 
fellow citizens, that this ground was watered by the blood of 
twenty-seven of the States of this Union, and I feel that it 
is the Union that will aid in maintaining this splendid 
memorial to the bravery of her sons. 

As an eloquent speaker said, yesterday, in the big tent at 
Chattanooga, "the project is a good one, if it don't die 
a-bornin." Now, fellow citizens, I am sorry that I am not 
able to fittingly express the feelings I have on this occasion, 
nor to entertain you with the kind thoughts that come be- 
fore my mind as I stand here. I am sure I have not the 
words, neither have I the voice, to appropriately do so, but 
I hope and pray that the future may see the eminent suc- 
cess of our fraternal undertaking. 

After the barbecue, a joint meeting of veterans was held 
in the Baptist Church on the battle field at Chickamauga, at 
which a full organization was effected and incorporators and 



248 THE NATIOXAI, MU.irARV PARK.. 

directors elected. Gen. H. M. Cist was elected Chairman 
and E. T. Manning, Secretary. 

In making up the list of incorporators, each State was 
given representation as nearly as possible in proportion to 
the troops it had in the battle. These were as follows : 

Alabama — William H. Forney, J. T. Holtzclaw, W. C. 
Oates, Joseph Wheeler, and S. M. A. Wood. 

Arkansas — James H. Berry, Clifton R. Breckinridge, 
Evander McNair, and L. H. Mangum. 

Colorado — G. C. Symes. 

District of Columbia — Absalom Baird, H. V. Boynton, and 
W. S. Rosecrans. 

Florida — Wilkinson Call, Robert H. M. Davidson, and 
Jesse J. Finley. 

Georgia — Joseph M. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, J. B. 
Cummings, James Longstreet, Lafayette McLaws, and E. B. 
Tate. 

Illinois^?,. D. Adkins, Lyman Bridges, A. C. McClurg, 
E. A. Otis, John M. Palmer, and P. S. Post. 

Indiana — Joseph B. Dodge, W. Q. Gresham, J. J. Rey- 
nolds, M. S. Robinson, G. W. Steele, and J. T. Wilder. 

/r77<:'a— Frank Hatton and W. P. Hej^burn. 

Kajisas — John A. Martin. 

Kentucky— Q. D. Bailey, J. C. S. Blackburn, R. ^\. Kelly, 
G. C. Kniffin, Joseph PL Lewis, Alfred Pirtle, and W. J. 
Stone. 

Louisiana — Randall L. Gibson and Felix Robertson. 

'Michigan— W. M. Duffield and A. W. Wilber. 

Minnesota — J. W. Bishop and R. W. Johnson. 

Mississippi — Charles E. Hooker, J. Bright Morgan, Jacob 
M. Sharp, J. A. Smith, and Edward C. Walthall. 

Missouri — Joseph S. Fullerton, William Henry Hatch, 
Robert McCuUoch, John S. Melton, and W. H. Wade. 

Neiv York—C. A. Dana and A. G. McCook. 

North Carolina— WWWsim. R. Cox, David H. Hill, Charles 
W. McClammev, and Matt W. Ransom. 



ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 249 

Ohio — H. M. Cist, W. F. Goodspeed, Charles H. Grosvenor, 
P. P. Lane, J. G. Mitchell, J. G. Taylor, and Ferd. Van 
Derveer. 

Pennsxlvania — William J. Palmer, John Tweedale, and 
John G. Vale. 

South Carolina— Y}XvaOxv Capers and E. M. Law. 

Tennessee — Frank C. Armstrong, William B. Bate, John C. 
Brown, S. B. Moe, Adolph S. Ochs, Lucius E. Polk, Alex- 
ander P. Stewart, Gates P. Thruston, and Marcus J. Wright. 

Texas— C. B. Kilgore, Roger Q. Mills, and William B. 
Sayers. 

Virginia — R. A. Brock, L M. French, and George D. 
Wise. 

Wiscofisin — H. C. Hobart and John L. Mitchell. 

United States Army — J. M. Brannan, H. C. Gushing, S. 
C. Kellogg, Frank G. Smith, and Thomas J. Wood. 

The following were chosen Directors : 

Alabama — Gen. Jos. Wheeler. 

Arkansas — Capt. C. R. Breckinridge. 

Florida — Gen. T. Finley. 

Georgia — Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt, Gen. James Longstreet. 

Illinois— G&n. A. C. McClurg. 

Indiana — Gen. J. J. Reynolds. 

Kentucky — Col. G. C. Kniffen, Gen. Jos. H. Lewis. 

Louisiana — Gen. Randall L. Gibson. 

Minnesota — Gen. J. W. Bishop. 

Mississippi — Col. Chas. E. Hooker. 

Missouri — Gen. F. M. Cockrell, Gen. J. S. Fullerton. 

North Carolina — Gen. D. H. Hill. 

Ohio — Gen. Henry M. Cist, Gen. C. H. Grosvenor, Gen. 
Ferd. Van Derveer. 

South Carolina — Gen. E. M. Law. 

Tennessee — Gen. Marcus J. Wright, Gen. Gates P. Thrus- 
ton. Gen. J. T. Wilder. 

Tl-xd-i-— Gen. Roger Q. Mills. 



250 THE NATIONAL MIIJIARV PARK. 

U. S. Ar?ny — Gen. A. Baird, Col. S. C. Kellogg. 
Virginia — Hon. Geo. D. Wise. 

JVas/ii?ig/on, D. C — Gen. W. S. Rosecrans, Gen. H. V. 
Boy n ton. 

An election for officers resulted as follows, the vote for 
each being unanimous : 

President, 
J(3HN T. Wilder, Johnson City, Tenn. 

Vice President, 
Joseph Wheeler, Wheeler's Station, Ala. 

Secretary, 
Marcus J. Wright, Washington. D. C 

Treasurer, 
J. S. Fullerton, St. Louis, Mo. 

The charter of the Association has a life of twenty years. 

Such was the organization under which the project of a 
Military Park at Chickamauga first took shape. While this 
plan was soon superseded by a more comprehensive project, 
those active in the former have remained prominent and in- 
fluential supporters of the latter. 

Note. — The reports of speeches and meetings in this 
chapter are mainly from the account of the Chickamauga 
Memorial Association, published by the Chattanooga Army 
of the Cumberland Entertainment Committee. 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 25 1 



CHAPTER XVII. 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT — PLAN CHANGED TO A 
NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

When the question arose in the winter following the organ- 
ization of the Chickamauga Memorial Association, of asking 
the aid of Congress in the purchase of the battle field, the 
author of the project conceived the idea of enlarging the 
scope of the scheme so as to embrace the notable fields of 
Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge^ and the lesser 
affairs of the battle of Chattanooga, and establishing the 
whole as a National Park under the control of the Secretary 
of War. 

He therefore drew a bill authorizing the purchase by the 
Government of the entire field of Chickamauga, and the ac- 
quirement of the main roads leading to and through that 
field, and those along Missionary Ridge, and thence over 
Lookout Mountain, as "Approaches." Under the bill, the 
Secretary of War, acting through a commission of his own 
selection, was authorized to establish the Park. It was to be 
known as the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Mili- 
tary Park. 

After consultation with leading men of the Army of the 
Cumberland, the bill was put into the hands of Gen. Charles 
H. Grosvenor, an influential member of the House of Rep- 
resentatives, who served with signal distinction at Chicka- 
mauga, and is prominent in the Society of the Armv of the 
Cumberland. He introduced the measure, and followed it 
with unremitting attention through all its stages in both 
houses, meeting at every step with the most remarkable 
success. 



252 THE NATIONAI, MILITARY PARK. 

The House Committee on Military Affairs, by unanimous 
vote, made a favorable report. This paper is worthy of 
preservation, and the more so, since the Senate Committee 
on Military Affairs subsequently adopted it as their own. It 
was as follows : 

March 5, 1S90, Mr. Lansing, from the Committee on Mili- 
tary Affairs, submitted the following report : 

The Committee on Military Affairs, to whom was referred 
the bill (H. R. 6454) to establish a National Military Park 
at the battle field of Chickamauga, having had the same 
under consideration, respectfully report the same with an 
amendment, and recommend that the bill as amended do 
pass. 

The bill under consideration establishes as a National 
Military Park the Approaches which overlook and the 
ground upon which occurred some of the most remarkable 
tactical movements and the deadliest fighting of the war of 
the rebellion, namely, the fields of Chickamauga and Chat- 
tanooga. 

The preservation for national study of the lines of decisive 
battles, especially when the tactical movements were unusual 
both in numbers and military ability, and when the fields em- 
braced great natural difficulties, may properly be regarded as 
a matter of national importance. 

This your committee understands to be the underlying idea 
of that noted organization of Union soldiers, the Society of 
the Army of the Cumberland, with whom the pending project 
originated. Interested with them and supporting them in the 
movement, we find leading representatives of all the Eastern 
and of all the Western armies ; and for this we find ready ex- 
planation in the fact that all the armies and nearly every State 
of the North and each State of the South had troops on one 
or both these fields. 

The proposition to mark the lines on both sides is held to 
be absolutely-necessary to a clear understanding of the fields 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 253 

and to the sufficient illustration of the persistent, stubborn, 
and deadly fighttng of American soldiers, which made the 
field of Chickamauga for both sides, as the statistics show, 
one of the bloodiest, if not the bloodiest battle field, for the 
numbers engaged and the time of their fighting, of any of the 
great battles of the modern world, from the days of the first 
Napoleon to the close of the war for the Union. 

The corresponding field for Eastern operations is Gettys- 
burg, where every State in the Union is interested, and the 
necessity of marking both lines to an intelligent study of the 
field has been recognized in a proposition before this Con- 
gress to provide for marking the Confederate lines upon that 
noted field. 

The proposed Chickamauga and Chattanooga National 
Park consists of two fe.atures — the Approaches and the Park 
proper. It is expected that title to the former will be ob- 
tained by the United States, without cost, through cession of 
jurisdiction by the States of Tennessee and Georgia, respect- 
ively, of the public roads now in existence, and which it is 
proposed to utitilize as Approaches to the Park. No appro- 
priation is therefore made for their purchase, and informal 
assurances have beeri given of their jxompt cession to the 
United States. 

The battle field of Chickamauga proper forms the body of 
the Park. As described in the bill, it embraces about 7,600 
acres. It is proposed to obtain title to this by condemnation 
under the general act. In order that no resident on the tract 
may feel himself driven from home or from his possessions, 
it is provided that the Secretary of War may arrange with all 
who desire to remain to lease their lands at a nominal rent, 
the conditions on their side being that they will aid in the 
care of the grounds and in preserving all the natural features 
of the field as they now exist. 

The Approaches to the field form most important adjuncts 
to the proposed National Park. The Approach from Chatta- 
nooga begins at or near Sherman Heights, at the north end 



254 "^HF. NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

of Missionary Ridge. This is the battle field of the Army 
of the Tennessee, under Gen. W. T. Sherman, during the 
operations about Chattanooga, November 23, 24, and 25, 
1863. From this point, this Approach runs along the crest 
of Missionary Ridge to Rossville Gap. Throughout its 
whole length, it overlooks the battle field of Gen. Hooker's 
troops from the Army of the Potomac on Lookout Mountain, 
and terminates where these troops, after the battle on the 
mountain, reached and crossed Missionary Ridge. This 
Approach also overlooks the ground of the first day's opera- 
tions about Orchard Knob, and coincides throughout its 
length with the lines of Gen. Bragg's army, and thus passes 
along the entire front of the famous assault of the Army of 
the Cumberland, under Gen. Thomas, upon Missionary 
Ridge. 

The continuation of this first-described Approach is the 
La Fayette or State Road from Rossville, Georgia, passing 
through the center of the battle field of Chickamauga, and 
being the axis and the prize of the fight, to Lee and Gordon's 
Mills, on the Chickamauga River, which was opposite the 
center of the Confederate army at the opening of the battle, 
and thence to Crawfish Springs, the point from which the 
Union army advanced to the battle, and thence to Glass' 
Mills, on the Chickamauga, the left of the Confederate line 
of battle. The third Approach is the road from the junction 
of the first two at Rossville, Georgia, along the northern 
base of Missionary Ridge, to McFarland's Gap, being the 
road over which the Union army advanced to Chattanooga 
after the battle, and forming the entrance to the northern 
])ortion of the proposed Park. These are all roads which, 
for the most part, like those of the battle field itself, have a 
stony or flinty foundation, and which require comparatively 
little care, and all of them are to be obtained without cost to 
the United States. 

The following are the lengths of the Approaches and roads 
thus to be ceded to the United States without cost : 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 255 

MILES. 

Sherman Heights to Rossville ' 6 

Rossville to Lee and Gordon's 7 

Rossville to McFarland's Gap 2 

McFarland's Gap to Crawiish Springs Road 6 

Lee and Gordon's Mills to Crawfish Springs 2 

Crawfish Springs to Glass' Mills - 

Total 2(> 

The purpose is to maintain the body of the Park, whicii 
embraces the fields of Chickamauga, as near as may be in 
its present condition as to roads, fields, forests, and houses. 
There have been scarcely any changes in those respects since 
the battle, except in the growth of underbrush and timber. 
Almost the only work of any consequence in the restoration 
of the entire field to its condition at the time of the battle 
will be the cutting away of underbrush over a very limited 
area. 

The roads as they now exist are the same as were used 
in the battle, and very little road construction will hereafter 
be necessary to give access to every point of interest on the 
field. When, therefore, once established, the cost of the 
care of the Park and its Approaches will be very small. 

The area which it is proposed to acquire for the Park by 
condemnation contains, as near as maybe, 7,600 acres. The 
land is largely forest and ridge land, though there is con- 
siderable good farming land in the tract. The average cost 
of the whole can not, with all improvements, exceed $20 an 
acre. The sum appropriated by the bill, which is $250,000,* 
will be ample for the complete establishment of the Park, in- 
cluding preliminary surveys, fixing its boundaries, surfacing 
its roads, and ascertaining the military positions. 

The purpose is to have each State which had troops en- 
gaged on the field provide the monuinents for marking the 
positions of the troops, after the general plan heretofore pur- 

* Reduced to and passed at $125,000. 



256 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

sued at Gettysburg by the Gettysburg Battle Field Memorial 
Association. This work will be performed at Chickamauga 
and Chattanooga by the Chickamauga Memorial Association, 
acting under the supervision of the Secretary of War. This 
latter association is incorporated under the laws of Georgia. 
Its charter specially states that it will not issue stock, and 
that its objects are not pecuniary gain. Its incorporators 
number one hundred, half of them ex-Union veterans of 
prominence in the battle, and the other half ex-Confederate 
soldiers of equal prominence on their side. 

The sole expense to the United States for monuments will 
be those for marking the positions of the regular regiments 
and batteries, being only sixteen in number for both fields. 

The Approaches to the Park which traverse Missionary 
Ridge can be cheaply and quickly reached from Chattanooga 
by four turnpikes, and by steam and electric railroads, upon 
which the fare is five cents. The Chickamauga Field can be 
reached by railroad in fifteen minutes from Chattanooga, this 
road traversing the whole field from McFarland's Gap to 
Crawfish Springs. Two other railroads will add facilities for 
reaching other portions of the Park as soon as its establish- 
ment is secured. 

Your committee finds the interest in this project wide- 
spread. To such an extent is this true that it may properly 
be called national. The recent demands for the new maps 
of Chickamauga from every section of the Union illustrate 
this fact. The Union armies of the Tennessee, the Cumber- 
land, and the Potomac, under Gens. Sherman, Rosecrans, 
Thomas, and Hooker, all finally united under Gen. Grant, 
are equally interested in preserving the lines of this extended 
and notable battle ground. 

On the Confederate side the armies of Tennessee, of 
Northern Virginia through Gen. Longstreet's Corps, of the 
Mississippi through Gen. Johnston's troops, and Gen. Buck- 
ner's army from East Tennessee were all engaged. 

The regular army had nine regiments and seven batteries. 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 257 

on these fields, while the following eighteen States had troops 
in the Union army engaged in these movements : Maine, Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jer- 
sey, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Wiscon- 
sin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Ten- 
nessee, Every Confederate State had troops on these fields, 
while Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee contributed nu- 
merously to both armies. 

As already stated, the figures show Chickamauga to rank 
for the numbers engaged and the time of their fighting 
among the most noted battles of the modern world. 

Wellington lost 12 per cent at Waterloo; Napoleon, 14^ 
per cent at Austerlitz and 14 per cent at Marengo. The 
average losses of both armies at Magenta and Solferino, in 
1859, was less than 9 per cent. At Koniggratz, in 1866, it 
was 6 per cent. At Worth, Mars-la-Tour, Gravelotte, and 
Sedan, in 1870, the average was 12 per cent. 

The marvel of German fighting in the Franco-Prussian war 
was by the Third Westphalian Infantry at Mars-la-Tour. It 
took 3,000 men into action and lost 40.4 per cent. Next to 
this record was that of the Garde-Schiitzen Battalion, 1,000 
strong at Metz, which lost 46.1 per cent. There were several 
brigades on each side at Chickamauga and very many regi- 
ments whose losses exceeded these figures for Mars-la-Tour 
and Metz. 

The average losses on each side for the troops which fought 
through the two days were fully t,^ per cent, while for many 
portions of each line the losses reached 50 per cent, and for 
some even 75 per cent. 

A field as renowned as this for the stubborness and bril- 
liancy of its fighting, not only in our own war, but when com- 
pared with all modern wars, has an importance to the nation as 
an object lesson of what is possible in American fighting, and 
the national value of the preservation of such lines for his- 
torical and professional study must be apparent to all reflect- 
ing minds. The political questions which were involved in 



258 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

the contest do not enter into this view of the subject, nor do 
they belong to it. The proposition for estabii>hing the Park 
is in all its aspects a purely military project. 

The Eastern armies have already the noted field of Gettys- 
burg upon which to mark and preserve the history of their 
movements and their renovv^ned fighting. To this the Gov- 
ernment has already made liberal appropriations to mark the 
positions of the regular forces there engaged and for other 
purposes. 

It seems fitting that the Western armies should select a 
field and be assisted in preserving it by the general Govern- 
ment. It is easy to see from the facts presented that there 
is no other field upon which all the armies were as fully repre- 
sented. There is probably no other in the world which pre- 
sents more formidable natural obstacles to great military ope- 
rations than the slopes of Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, while, as shown, there is no field that surpasses Chick- 
amauga in the deadliness and persistence of its fighting. 

The tactical movements were numerous and brilliant on 
each field and many of them remarkable. Indeed, both are 
as noted in this respect as in the character of the fighting. 

There were present upon one or the other and in the case 
of most, upon both fields, Grant, Sherman, Thomas, Rose- 
crans. Hooker, Sheridan, and Granger, of the Union army, 
and Bragg, Longstreet, Hood, Hardee, Buckner, Polk, D. H. 
Hill, Wheeler, Forrest, and Johnson, of the Confederate 
forces. The preservation of these fields will preserve to the 
nation for historical and military study the best efforts which 
these noted officers, commanding American veterans, were 
able to put forth. 

The two together form one of the most valuable object les- 
sons in the art of war, and one which, looking solely to the 
interests of the public, may properly be preserved. 

Your committee therefore recommend the passage of the 
bill with the amendment on page 6, which is inserted for the 
purpose of enabling the Secretary of War to take advantage 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 259 

of the coming season in expediting the estabhshment of the 
Park, it having been made to appear to your committee that 
such prehminary work can be done while awaiting the process 
of condemning the land and the action of the state legis- 
latures in ceding jurisdiction. The accompanying map shows 
the outlines of the proposed Park and the location of the 
Approaches. 

Considering its magnitude, its present and prospective 
cost, and, in addition, the fact that both sides were to be ad- 
mitted to equal participation, the smooth movement of the 
measure through Congress was surprising. There was not a 
word or a vote in opposition at any stage. The fact that it 
was approved by Northern and Southern veterans in the 
House and Senate relieved it of partisan aspects. It had for 
its active friends the members of the House and the Senate 
Committees on Military Affairs and Appropriations, the 
soldiers in Congress, and especially the very considerable 
number of those who had served at Chickamauga and Chat- 
tanooga. 

Much careful work was done in preparing for the presenta- 
tion of the bill to the House and for its subsequent consid- 
eration by the Senate. It was not till the rushing days of 
the session, when appropriation bills had the right of way, 
that the bill was ready to be brought forward for action. 
Then Speaker Thomas B. Reed, by his willing aid, earned a 
debt of gratitude from all soldiers by promptly agreeing to give 
the bill the chance of recognition. Without this assistance 
from the Speaker, it could not have secured a hearing until 
the following session of Congress. Gen. Grosvenor asked 
for unanimous consent to take up the measure. A single ob- 
jection would have defeated the request. None were inter- 
posed. This was the more remarkable because Gen. Hender- 
son, of Illinois, had given way to Gen. Grosvenor in the 
midst of the consideration of the River and Harbor Bill, 
which every member of the House was anxious to complete. 



26o THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

The bill was read ; several amendments proposed by Gen. 
Grosvenor were adopted; Mr. Buchanan, of New Jersey, 
made a speech not to oppose, but to suggest the claims of the 
Trenton Monument ; it was agreed that those who chose 
could print speeches in the Record; and the House, dis- 
pensing with the reading of the Report of the Committee, 
passed the bill without dissent. The time occupied was 
twenty-three minutes.^ 

In the Senate the bill moved with the same promptness and 
success. The Military Committee gave a hearing, and 
unanimously made a favorable report. Senator Allison, 
Chairman of Appropriations, at the request of Senator Haw- 
ley, Chairman of Military Affairs, gave way during the con- 
sideration of the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill, and allowed 
the Park Bill to be taken up. It was read, and, without a 
call for the Report, passed with not a vote against it. The 
Senate clerk being a more rapid reader, and a deeply in- 
terested and most efficient friend of the measure, namely, 
Gen. Anson G. McCook, of "the fighting McCooks," one of 
the most brilliant officers of the Army of the Cumberland, 
and a participator in the storming of Lookout Mountain, 
beat the record of the House clerk, and the bill passed the 
Senate in twenty minutes. In its final shape it provided for 
the purchase of fifteen square miles of the Chickamauga 
Field, and the establishment of a National Park upon this 
area. 

The bill was taken the same night to President Harrison 
by Hon. H. Clay Evans, of Chattanooga, who represented that 
district in the House, and who, from first to last, like Hon. 
J. B. Clements, of Georgia, who represented the Chicka- 
mauga district, was an untiring and influential worker for the 
measure. The President promptly signed it, the National 
Park was authorized, and an appropriation of $125,000 made 
available to beein the work. Below is the text of the bill : 



DEVELOPMKNT OF 'IHP: PARK PROJECT. 261 

An act to establish a National Military Park at the battle field of 
Chickamauga. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That for the pur- 
pose of preserving and suitably marking for historical and 
professional military study the fields of some of the most re- 
markable maneuvers and most brilliant fighting in the war of 
the rebellion, and upon the ceding of jurisdiction to the 
United States by the States of Tennessee and Georgia, re- 
spectively, and the report of the Attorney-General of the 
United States that the title to the lands thus ceded is perfect, 
the following described highways in those states are hereby 
declared to be Approaches to and parts of the Chickamauga 
and Chattanooga National Military Park as established by 
the second section of this act, to wit : First — The Missionary 
Ridge Crest Road from Sherman Heights at the north end of 
Missionary Ridge, in Tennessee, where the said road enters 
upon the ground occupied by the Army of the Tennessee under 
Maj.-Gen. WiUiam T. Sherman, in the military operations 
of November twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth, eighteen hun- 
dred and sixty-three ; thence along said road through the 
])ositions occupied by the army of Gen. Braxton Bragg on 
November twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and 
which were assaulted by the Army of the Cumberland under 
Maj.-Gen. George H. Thomas on that date, to where the said 
road crosses the southern boundary of the State of Ten- 
nessee, near Rossville Gap, Georgia, upon the ground occu- 
pied by the troops of Maj.-Gen. Joseph Hooker, from the 
Army of the Potomac, and thence in the State of Georgia 
to the junction of said road with the Chattanooga and La 
Fayette or State Road at Rossville Gap ; second, the La Fay- 
ette or State Road from Rossville, Georgia, to Lee and Gor- 
don's Mills, Georgia ; third, the road from Lee and Gordon's 
Mills, Georgia, to Crawfish Springs, Georgia ; fourth, the 
road from Crawfish Springs, Georgia, to the crossing of the 
Chickamauga, at Glass' Mills, Georgia; fifth, the Dry Val- 



262 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

ley Road from Rossville, Georgia, to the southern limits of 
McFarland's Gap in Missionary Ridge; sixth, the Dry Valley 
and Crawfish Springs Road from McFarland's Gap to the in- 
tersection of the road from Crawfish Springs to Lee and 
Gordon's Mills; seventh, the road from Ringgold, Georgia, to 
Reed's Bridge on the Chickamauga River ; eighth, the roads 
from the crossing of Lookout Creek across the northern 
slope of Lookout Mountain and thence to the old Summer- 
town Road and to the Valley on the east slope of the said 
mountain, and thence by the route of Gen. Joseph Hooker's 
troops to Rossville, Georgia, and each and all of these 
herein described roads shall, after the passage of this act, re- 
main open as free public highways, and all rights of way 
now existing through the grounds of the said Park and its 
Approaches shall be continued. 

Sec. 2. That upon the ceding of jurisdiction by the legis- 
lature of the State of Georgia, and the report of the Attorney- 
General of the United States that a perfect title has been se- 
cured under the provisions of the act approved August first, 
eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, entitled "An act to au- 
thorize condemnation of land for sites of public buildings, 
and for other purposes," the lands and roads embraced in the 
area bounded as herein described, together with the roads 
described in section one of this act, are hereby declared to 
to be a National Park, to be known as the Chickamauga and 
Chattanooga National Park ; that is to say, the area inclosed 
by a line beginning on the La Fayette or State Road, in 
Georgia, at a point where the bottom of the ravine next 
north of the house known on the field of Chickamauga as 
the Cloud House, and being about six hundred yards north 
of said house, due east to the Chickamauga River and due 
west to the intersection of the Dry Valley Road at McFar- 
land's Gap; thence along the west side of the Dry Valley 
and Crawfish Springs Roads to the south side of the road 
from Crawfish Springs to Lee and Gordon's Mills; thence 
along the south side of the last named road to Lee and Gor- 



DF.VELOPMF.NT OF THE PARK I'ROJECT. 263 

don's Mills ; thence along the channel of the Chickamauga 
River to the line forming the northern boundary of the Park, 
as hereinbefore described, containing seven thousand six 
hundred acres more or less. 

Sec. 3. That the said Chickamauga and Chattanooga Na- 
tional Park, and the approaches thereto, shall be under the 
control of the Secretary of War, and it shall be his duty, im- 
mediately after the passage of this act, to notify the Attorney- 
General of the purpose of the United States to acquire title 
to the roads and lands described in the previous sections of 
this act under the provisions of the act of August first, 
eighteen hundred and eighty-eight ; and the said Secretary, 
upon receiving notice from the Attorney-General of the 
United States that perfect titles have been secured to the said 
lands and roads, shall at once proceed to establish and sub- 
stantially mark the boundaries of the said Park. 

Sec. 4. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized 
to enter into agreements, upon such nominal terms as 
he may prescribe, with such present owners of the land as 
may desire to remain upon it, to occupy and cultivate their 
present holdings, upon condition that they will preserve the 
present buildings and roads, and the present outlines of field 
and forest, and that they will only cut trees or underbrush 
under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, and 
that they will assist in caring for and protecting all tablets, 
monuments, or such other artificial works as may from time 
to time be erected by proper authority. 

Sec. 5. That the affairs of the Chickamauga and Chatta- 
nooga National Park shall, subject to the supervision and di- 
rection of the Secretary of War, be in charge of three Com- 
missioners, each of whom shall have actively participated in 
the battle of Chickamauga or one of the battles about Chat- 
tanooga, two to be appointed from civil life by the Secretary 
of War, and a third, who shall be detailed by the Secretary 
of War from among those officers of the army best acquainted 
with the details of the battles of Chickamauga and Chatta- 



264 THF, NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

nooga, who shall act as Secretary of the Commission. The 
said Commissioners and Secretary shall have an office in the 
War Department Building, and while on actual duty shall be 
paid such compensation, out of the appropriation provided 
in this act, as the Secretary of War shall deem reasonable 
and just. 

Sec. 6. That it shall be the duty of the Commissioners 
named in the preceding section, under the direction of the 
Secretary of War, to superintend the opening of such roads 
as may be necessary to the purposes of the Park, and the 
repair of the roads of the same, and to ascertain and definitely 
mark the lines of battle of all troops engaged in the battles 
of Chickamauga and Chattanooga, so far as the same shall 
fall within the lines of the Park as defined in the previous 
sections of this act, and, for the purpose of assisting them 
in their duties and in ascertaining these lines, the Secretary 
of War shall have authority to employ, at such compensation 
as he may deem reasonable and just, to be paid out of the 
appropriation made by this act, some person recognized as 
well informed in regard to the details of the battles of Chick- 
amauga and Chattanooga, and who shall have actively par- 
ticipated in one of those battles, and it shall be the duty of 
the Secretary of War, from and after the passage of this act, 
through the Commissioners, and their assistant in historical 
work, and under the act approved August first, eighteen hun- 
dred and eighty-eight, regulating the condemnation of land 
for public uses, to proceed with the preliminary work of es- 
tablishing the Park and its approaches as the same are de- 
fined in this act, and the expenses thus incurred shall be paid 
out of the appropriation provided by this act. 

Sec. 7. That it shall be the duty of the Commissioners, 
acting under the direction of the Secretary of War, to ascer- 
tain and substantially mark the locations of the regular troops, 
both infantry and artillery, within the boundaries of the Park, 
and to erect monuments upon those positions as Congress 
may provide the necessary aj^propriations ; and the Secretary 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECI. 265 

of War in the same way may ascertain and mark all lines of 
battle within the boundaries of the Park and erect plain and 
substantial historical tablets at such points in the vicinity of 
the Park and its approaches as he may deem fitting and 
necessary to clearly designate positions and movements, 
which, although without the limits of the Park, were di- 
rectly connected with the battles of Chickamauga and Chat- 
tanooga. 

Sec. 8. That it shall be lawful for the authorities of any 
State having troops engaged either at Chattanooga or Chick- 
amauga, and for the officers and directors of the Chickamauga 
Memorial Association, a corporation chartered under the 
laws of Georgia, to enter upon the lands and approaches of 
the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park for the 
])urpose of ascertaining and marking the lines of battle of 
troops engaged therein ; Provided, That before any such lines 
are permanently designated the position of the lines and the 
projiosed methods of marking them by monuments, tablets, 
or otherwise shall be submitted to the Secretary of War, and 
shall first receive the written approval of the Secretary, which 
approval shall be based upon formal written reports, which 
must be made to him in each case by the Commissioners of 
the Park. 

Sec. 9. That the Secretary of War, subject to the ap- 
proval of the President of the United States, shall have the 
power to make, and shall make, all needed regulations for 
the care of the Park and for the establishment and marking 
of the lines of battle and other historical features of the Park. 

Sec. 10. That if any person shall willfully destroy, muti- 
late, deface, injure or remove any monument, column, stat- 
ues, memorial structure, or work of art that shall be erected 
or placed upon the grounds of the Park by lawful authority, 
or shall willfully destroy or remove any fence, railing, inclos- 
ure, or other work for the protection or ornament of said 
Park, or any portion thereof, or shall willfully destroy, cut. 
hack, bark, break down, or otherwise injure any tree, bush 



266 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

or shubbery that may be growing upon said Park, or shall 
cut down or fell or remove any timber, battle relic, tree or 
trees growing or being upon such Park, except by permission 
of the Secretary of War, or shall willfully remove or destroy 
any breastworks, earthworks, walls, or other defenses or 
shelter, on any part thereof, constructed by the armies for- 
merly engaged, in the battles on the lands or approaches to 
the Park, any person so offending and found guilty thereof, be- 
fore any justice of the peace of the county in which the offense 
may be committed, shall for each any every such offense for- 
feit and pay a fine, in the discretion of the justice, according 
to the aggravation of the offense, of not less that five nor 
more than fifty dollars, one-half to the use of the Park, and 
the other half to the informer, to be enforced and recovered 
before such justice, in like manner as debts of like nature 
are now by law recoverable in the several counties where the 
offense may be committed. 

Sec. 1 1 . That to enable the Secretary of War to begin to 
carry out the purposes of this act, including the condemna- 
tion and purchase of the necessary land, marking the bound- 
aries of the Park, opening or repairing necessary roads, maps 
and surveys, and the pay and expenses of the Commissioners 
and their assistant, the sum of one hundred and twenty-five 
thousand dollars, or such portion thereof as may be necessary, 
is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury 
not otherwise appropriated, and disbursements under this 
act shall require the approval of the Secretary of War, and 
he shall make annual report of the same to Congress. 

Approved, August 19, 1890. 

[By an error in preparing the above act the Crawfish 
Springs Road was designated as the Dry Valley Road. The 
latter is quite west of the former, and wholly without the 
Park.] 

It is fitting that the names of the members of the two Com- 



DEVKLOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 267 

mittees on Military Affairs and on Appropriations, together 
with the Chickamauga veterans in Congress at the time, 
should be given as those to whom the enactment of the Park 
Bill is largely due. Indeed, no history of the Park would be 
complete without them : 

House Committee on Military A^airs —Byron M. Cutcheon, 
of Michigan; Francis W. Rockwell, of Massachusetts; Ed- 
win S. Osborne, of Pennsylvania; Henry J. Spooner, of 
Rhode Island; Elihu S. Williams, of Ohio; Fred. Lansing, 
of New York ; S. P. Snider, of Minnesota ; William M. Kin- 
sey, of Missouri ; Francis B. Spinola, of New York ; Joseph 
Wheeler, of Alabama; S. W. T. Lanham, of Texas; S. M, 
Robertson, of Louisiana; Joseph M. Carey, of Wyoming. 

House Committee on Appropiiations — Joseph G. Cannon, of 
Illinois; Benjamin Butterworth, of Ohio; Louis E. McComas, 
of Maryland ; David B. Henderson, of Iowa ; Samuel R. 
Peters, of Kansas ; William Coggswell, of Massachusetts ; 
James J. Belden, of New York ; W. W. Morrow, of Cali- 
fornia; Mark S. Brewer, of Michigan; William H. Forney, 
of Alabama ; Joseph D. Sayers, of Texas; Judson C. Clem- 
ents, of Georgia ; William C. P. Breckinridge, of Kentucky ; 
Alexander M. Dockery, of Missouri ; William Mutchler, of 
Pennsylvania. 

Senate Committee on Military Affairs — Joseph R. Hawley, of 
Connecticut; James Donald Cameron, of Pennsylvania; 
Charles F. Manderson, of Nebraska ; William M. Stewart, of 
Nevada; Cushman K. Davis, of Minnesota; Francis M. 
Cockrell, of Missouri ; Wade Hampton, of South Carolina ; 
Edward C. Walthall, of Mississippi; William B. Bate, of 
Tennessee. 

Senate Committee on Appropriations — William B. Allison, of 
Iowa; Henry L. Dawes, of Massachusetts; Preston B. 
Plumb, of Kansas ; Eugene Hale, of Maine ; Charles B. 
Farwell, of Illinois ; Francis M. Cockrell, of Missouri ; 
Wilkinson Call, of Florida ; Arthur P. Gorman, of Mary- 
land. 



268 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

The subsequent Chairmen of Appropriations in the House 
for the Fifty-second and Fifty-third Congress, Hons. W. S. 
Holman and J. S. Sayers, with the additional new members, 
have given the project their continuous and cordial support, 
and the same is true of the new members of the Senate Com- 
mittee on Appropriations, Senators Blackburn, Cullom, and 
Stewart, and Senators Proctor and Palmer, of Military 
Affairs, and Hon. Josejjh H. Outhwaite, Chairman of the 
House Military Committee. 

The following senators who served in the campaign for 
Chattanooga have given active assistance : Bate, Blackburrf, 
Randall, Gibson, Manderson, Mitchell, of Wisconsin, Moody, 
Morgan, Pasco, Squire, and Walthall, also Gen. Anson G. 
McCook, the Secretary of the Senate. 

Those in the House who had served on these fields were : 
Charles E. Belknap, of Michigan ; C. R. Breckinridge, of 
Arkansas ; W. C. P. Breckinridge, of Kentucky ; William 
Cogswell, of Massachusetts ; Charles H. Grosvenor, of Ohio ; 
C. B. Kilgore and Roger Q. Mills, of Texas ; Wm. C. Gates, 
of Alabama ; P. S. Post, of Illinois ; Samuel P. Snyder, of 
Minnesota; W. H. Wade, of Missouri; Joseph Wheeler, of 
Alabama; and W. C. Whitthorne, of Tennessee. 

In fact there has not been at any time an active opponent 
of the project in either House of Congress from its first in- 
troduction until the passage of the bill providing for the 
National dedication of the Park in September of the present 
year. From the inception of the project, Maj. George B. 
Davis, U. S. A., and Hon, J. W. Kirkley, of the War Record 
Office, have rendered constant and most valuable assistance. 

While enumerating the sources of important aid for the 
Park project, it would be a grave oversight to omit the lead- 
ing Washington correspondents, -editors, and managers of the 
Press Associations, who made it thoroughly known to the 
country. This secured the prompt co-operation of all the 
States whose troops are interested. No more deservedly in- 
fluential body of men can be found anywhere in the land 



DEVELOPMRN'l- OF THE PARK PROJECT. 269 

than the leading press men of the National Capitol. To this 
company, on account of his valuable and continuing local 
services, should be added Mr. Adolph S. Ochs, of the Chat- 
tanooga Times. 

The text of the bill providing for the dedication completes 
the history of the Park to the present time. It was intro- 
duced by Gen. C. H. Grosvenor, and after unanimous reports 
in its favor from the two Committees on Military Affairs, it 
was passed by unanimous vote in each House : 

The National Dedication of tJie Path. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That a national 
dedication of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National 
Military Park shall take place on the battle fields of Chicka- 
mauga and Chattanooga, September nineteenth and twentieth, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-five under the direction of the 
vSccretary of War, who is hereby authorized to fix upon and 
determine the arrangements, cremonies, and exercises con- 
nected with the dedication ; to request the participation of 
the President, Congress, the Supreme Court, the heads of 
Executive Departments, the General of the .\rmy, and the 
Admiral of the Navy therein ; to invite the governors of States 
and their staffs, and the survivors of the several armies there 
engaged, and have direction and full authority in all matters 
which he may deem necessary to the success of the dedica- 
tion. He shall have authority to procure such supplies and 
services, and to call upon the heads of the several staff de- 
partments of the Army for such material and stores as he 
may deem necessary in connection with the dedication. 

Sec. 2. That to carry out the purposes of this act, the sum 
of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be 
necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the 
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, which shall be expended 
under the direction of the Secretary of War: Provided, that 
the amount hereby named, twenty thousand dollars, shall 



270 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

cover all expenses for services, supplies, rnaterial, stores, and 
expenses contem;)lated by this bill. 

J^cgiilaiioris Concerning Monuments, Tablets, arid Markers. 

The following regulations govern the erection of monu- 
ments, tablets, and markers in the Park, except that, under 
later legislation by Congress, section 3 is so modified that 
foundations for State monuments are constructed as specified, 
but without cost to the States : 

Chickamauga and Chattanooga 
National Military Park Commission, 

War Department, Washington, D. C. 
In accordance with the act of Congress approved August 
19, 1890, establishing the Chickamauga and Chattanooga 
National Military Park, the following regulations are pub- 
lished for the information and guidance of all interested in 
the erection of monuments, tablets, or other methods of in- 
dicating lines of battle or positions within the limits of the 
said Park : 

1 . A statement of the proposed dimensions, designs, in- 
scriptions upon, and material for all monuments, tablets, or 
other markers, must be submitted to the Commissioners of 
the Park, and, in the case of monuments, plans and eleva- 
itons showing exact measurements, and a close estimate of 
weight, must be submitted. The Park Commissioners will 
report upon these to the Secretary of War, and, upon his 
approval, such monuments, tablets, or other markers may be 
erected. A duplicate copy of the approved specifications, 
design, and inscription of each monument, tablet, or marker 
will be furnished to the Commissioners of the Park for file 
with their records before a permit to erect will be issued. 

2. Monuments of stone must be constructed of granite, or 
such other durable stone as, after investigation by the Park 
Commissioners, may be approved by the Secretary of War. 
Monuments may also be of bronze. 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARK PROJECT. 27 I 

3. The foundations of all monuments will be constructed 
under the direction of an engineer of the Park, of material, 
except cement, supplied from the lands of the Park, and by 
labor employed by the engineer, the cost of the same to be 
paid by those for whom the foundations are prepared, in such 
way as the Secretary of War may direct. 

4. Inscriptions must be purely historical, and must relate 
only to the Chickamauga and Chattanooga campaigns. They 
must also be based upon, and conform to, the official reports 
of these campaigns; and must be submitted to the Secretary 
of War, through the Park Commissioners, for his approval, 
before being adopted or cut into the stones. 

5. Brigades, divisions, and corps may be designated, in 
the inscriptions, by their numbers, where that method was 
used, and also by the names of their respective commanders ; 
as "First Brigade, First Division, Fourteenth Corps," or 
" Scribner's Brigade, Baird's Division, Thomas' Corps;" 
"Polk's Brigade, Cleburne's Division, Hill's Corps." The 
immerical designations alone would be meaningless to most 
visitors. 

6. Tablets and other markers will be erected under the di- 
rection of the Park engineers — if of metal, upon metal posts 
set in hydraulic concrete ; if of stone, upon suitable founda- 
tions to be determined by the Park engineers. 

For the Commissioners : 

J. S. FULLERTON, 

Approved, December 19, 1893. Chairman. 

Daniel S. Lamont, 

Secretary of War. 



272 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

ESTABLISHING THE PARK — ORGANIZATION AND PROSECUTION 
OF THE WORK. 

The law placed the duty of establishing the Park in the 
hands of the Secretary of War. Secretary Proctor at once 
took a deep interest in the matter, and his executive abiUty 
and practical knowledge enabled him to organize the ex- 
tended work with promptness and due regard to its future 
proportions. He selected as the two civilian members of the 
Commission, Gen. Joseph S. Fullerton, Chairman, and Gen. 
Alexander P. Stewart, a leading ex-Confederate, with Capt. 
and Brevet Col. Sanford C. Kellogg, of the Fourth Cavalry, 
whom he detailed as the army officer provided by the law, 
and who was also to be Secretary of the Commission. Gen. 
H. V. Boynton was appointed* Historian. All these gentle- 
men had served in the battles about Chattanooga. Mr. Hugh 
B. Rowland has from the first been the clerk. Gen. Fuller- 
ton was Chief of Staff to Gen. Gordon Granger, and had a 
most distinguished record. Gen. Stewart commanded a di- 
vision in Buckner's Corps of Bragg's army with distinction, 
and was subsequently lieutenant-general in command of a 
corps. Col. Kellogg was an aide on the staff of Gen. 
Thomas at the time of the battle, and was thoroughly familiar 
with the field. 

Throughout his term, Secretary Proctor continued to give 
most friendly and practical attention to the project. He was 
aided by the Assistant Secretary, Gen. L. A. Grant, to whom 
the executive work was entrusted. Gen. Grant continued to 
give energetic and most valuable attention to all park matters 
throughout the terms of Secretaries Proctor and Elkins, and 



ESTABLISHING THE PARK. 273 

for the first year of Secretary Lament's term. Secretary El- 
kins also proved a warm friend of the measure, and neglected 
no opportunity to push it forward. 

The advent of Col. Lament to the Secretaryship found the 
establishing of the Park well underway. He promptly made 
himself acquainted with its details, and gave such intelligent 
attention and cordial support to every branch of the work, 
as to richly merit the thanks of the veterans of all the 
armies engaged. The establishment of the Park will be vir- 
tually completed under his administration. The new Assist- 
ant Secretary of War, Gen. Joseph Doe, upon whom much 
of the executive work falls, early made personal inspection 
of the fields, and gives the project most efficient help. 

After rendering much exceedingly valuable aid for three 
years. Col. Kellogg was detailed as the Military Attache of 
the American Legation in Paris, and Major Frank G. Smith, 
of the Second U. S. Artillery, succeeded him. Major Smith 
commanded Battery I, Fourth U. S. Artillery, at Chicka- 
mauga, that had the distinction of losing a greater percentage 
of men than any battery on the field, of remaining through 
the battle, and losing neither positions nor guns. 

Mr. Atwell Thompson, Civil Engineer, has had charge 
under Gen. Stewart, of road construction, the erection of 
towers and bridges, and the general engineering work of the 
Park. 

The topographical engineering, the elaborate maps of the 
several fields, and the erection of monuments have been ex- 
ecuted by Mr. E. E. Betts, Civil Engineer. 

The roads are equal to any, if, indeed, they are not the 
best which the government has built on extended scale, while 
their cost has fallen much below the usual expenditure for 
such work. This is owing, in great part, to the abundance 
of most excellent surfacing material within the Park. 

The topographical maps — which are soon to be engraved, 
and thus made accessible to the public — are of the highest or- 
der of merit. Upon one set of these which represents the 



274 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

battle fields as they were in 1S63, the i^ositions of the lines 
as determined by the studies of the Commission, and the 
painstaking assistance rendered by the State Commissions, are 
being platted by Major Smith, who has this matter in his 
especial charge. 

The National Commission, through appointment by Secre- 
tary Lamont, has been fortunate in securing the assistance of 
Mr. J. P. Smartt, of Chattanooga, to aid in the location of 
Confederate lines, and determining the details of Confeder- 
ate movements. He served in the battles, has long been en- 
gaged in the study of the fields about Chattanooga, is an 
excellent authority, and a most enthusiastic and impartial 
student. 



THE STATE COMMISSIONS AND STATE TROOPS. 275 



CHAPTER XIX. 

THE STATE COMMISSIONS AND STATE TROOPS. 

The general interest developed in Congress for the Park 
project extended at once to the States which had troops en- 
gaged in and around it. There were twenty-eight of these. 
The National Commission presented the matter to their legis- 
latures where these were in session, and to their governors 
where they were not. In the latter case the request was 
made that a commission of veterans who served in the bat- 
tles might be appointed. This was complied with in nearly 
all cases, and promised in all. The delay has arisen, where 
any occurred, in the difficulty of finding those who could 
serve without pay until their legislatures met. 

The governors who rendered prompt and cordial aid were 
these : William M. Fishback, Arkansas ; Henry L. Mitchell, 
Florida; John B. Gordon and W. J. Northern, Georgia; 
John P. Atgeld, Illinois ; Claude Mathews, Indiana ; Horace 
Boies and F. D.Jackson, Iowa; John Young Brown, Ken- 
tucky; M. J. Foster, Louisiana; Wm. E. Russell, Massa- 
chusetts; John T. Rich, Michigan; Knute Nelson, Minne- 
sota; John M. Stone, Mississippi; Wm. J. Stone, Missouri; 
George T. Werts, New Jersey ; Roswell P. Flower, New 
York ; Elias Carr, North Carolina ; James E. Campbell, 
Ohio; Robert E. Patteson, Pennsylvania; B. R. Tillman, 
South Carolina; Peter Turney, Tennessee; James S. Hogg, 
Texas; Charles T. O'Ferrall, Virginia; George M. Peck, 
Wisconsin; and E. N. Morrill, Kansas. 

Ohio, which had the largest number of organizations, both 
at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, led off under the active 
encouragement of Governor James E. Campbell in the ap- 



276 thp: national military park. 

pointment of a Commission, and an appropriation for its 
expenses. In the following session of its legislature, it led 
in the matter of appropriations, giving $90,000 for monu- 
ments on the Chickamauga field alone. Minnesota, which 
had only three organizations in the battles, followed with the 
very liberal appropriation of $15,000, and her monuments 
were the first erected by any state. Massachusetts came 
next with the beautiful monument to her two organizations, on 
Orchard Knob, then Ohio, with fifty-five monuments, and 
fifty-one markers. New York followed, under a bill, the 
passage of which was largely due to the untiring work of Mr. 
Hugh Hastings, of the New York Tizzies, Col. Lewis Steg- 
man, of the Bzvoklyzi Stazidard Uziiozi, and Senator Jacob A. 
Cantor, of the State Legislature, which provided for an ex- 
penditure of $81,000, one-quarter of this being made imme- 
diately available. 

Most of the State Commissions have conducted careful 
studies on the ground in company with the National Com- 
mission, and, as a result, the general lines of battle, and 
most of their important details, have been established. This 
has been an immense work, and, considering the well- 
known intricacies of the fields, the progress has been re- 
markable. 

The interest taken by the most distant states is shown by 
these facts: Gen. Cogswell, the Massachusetts Commis- 
sioner, has been twice upon the field, and the monument 
erected by that state under his supervision was the first to 
mark any eastern position. Gen. Daniel Butterfield twice 
brought the New York Commissioners and large parties of 
influential men from that state with them in special cars, and 
on both occasions went carefully over all the ground where 
eastern troops were engaged in the vicinity of Chattanooga. 
Col. L. R. Stegman and Mr. Clinton Beckwith, of that Com- 
mission, in addition to these, made a third, and prolonged 
visit, to the field. Twenty-five members of the Pennsylvania 
Commission have spent a week upon the fields, performing 



THE STATE COMMISSIONS AND STATE TROOPS. 277 

active and most valuable service. The Texas Commission 
has had its members at the Park twice ; and the Louisiana 
Commission remained a week upon the occasion of its first 
visit, locating all positions occupied by troops of that state. 
The Minnesota Commission has been three times on the field 
and all its monuments are erected. The Michigan, Iowa, 
Indiana, and Illinois Commissions have made each two visits. 
It will thus be seen that the more distant states are among the 
most active. The State Commissions are as follows : 

Alabama— Q,tXi. Joseph Wheeler ; Col. Charles M. Shelley ; 
Col. Samuel K. McSpadden. [Gov. Oates, who is actively 
interested, is completing his commission.] 

Arkansas — Gen. D. C Govan, Ivlariana; Gen. R. P. 
Rowley, Carlisle; Col. Geo. F. Baucum, Little Rock; Col. 
J. W .Colquitt, Little Rock; Maj. J. A. Ross. 

Florida — Hon. Samuel Pasco, Monticello. 

Georgia — Gen. James Longstreet, Gainesville ; Capt. Evan 
P. Howell, Atlanta; Judge W. T. Newman, Atlanta; Judge 
J. S. Boynton, Griffin ; Col. Jos. B. Gumming, Augusta ; Col. 
J. C. Gordon, Judson ; Capt. Tyler M. Peeples, Lawrence- 
ville; Col. T. W. Avery, Adanta; Hon. John W. Maddox, 
Rome; Mr. Spillsbee Dyer, Pond Spring; Mr. George W. 
Kelley. 

Illinois — Gen. John M. Palmer, Springfield; Col. J. G. 
Everest, Chicago ; Maj. L. M. Buford, Rock Island ; Col. H. 
E. Rives, Paris; Maj. W. E. Carlin, Jerseyville; Gen. 
Smith D. Atkins, Freeport ; Col. E. D. Swain, Chicago, Gen. 
J. B. Turchin, Radom ; Maj. J. A. Connolly, Springfield. 

Indiana — Gen. Morton C. Hunter, Bloomington ; Capt. 
Felix Shumate, Lebanon ; Capt. Wm. P. Herron, Crawfords- 
ville ; Gen. Jas. R. Carnahan, Indianapolis ; Capt. Jas. H. 
McHugh, Indianapolis ; Capt. Milton Garrigus, Kokomo ; 
Capt. D. B. McConnell, Logansport ; Capt. R. M. Johnson, 
Elkhart ; Capt. Milton M. Thompson, Fort Wayne ; Capt. 
Geo. H. Puntenney, Rushville. 



278 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

loiva — Maj. J. D. Fegan, Clinton ; John A. Young, 
Washington ; Alexander J. Miller, Oxford ; F. P. Spencer, 
Randolph ; Henry G. Aukeny, Corning. 

Kentucky (Union) — Col. R. M. Kelly, Louisville ; Maj. 
John S. Clark, Lexington ; Maj. John W. Robbins, Augusta ; 
Capt. John W. Tuttle, Monticello ; Capt. S. K. Cox, Hart- 
ford. 

Kentucky (Confederate) — Col. John W. Caldwell, Rus- 
sellville ; Capt. John H. Weller, Louisville ; Captain A. T. 
Pullen, Pryor ; Capt. W. W. Herr, Owensboro; Capt. W. 
H. May, Lexington. 

Louisiana : Col. J. A. Chalaron, New Orleans; Gen. J. B. 
Vinet, New Orleans ; Col. John McGrath, Baton Rouge ;^ 
Col. Henry P. Kernochan, New Orleans ; Dr. Y. R. Le Mou- 
nier. New Orleans; Capt. Charles H. Luzenberg, New 
New Orleans; J. W. Pitts, Mansfield. 

Massachusetts — Gen. Wm. Cogswell, Salem. 

Michigan — Capt. C. E. Belknap, Grand Rapids ; J. M, 
Whallon ; L. L. Church ; E. A. Crane ; S. F. Dwight. 

Minnesota— Q,G.x^. J. W. Bishop, St. Paul; Capt. J. R. 
Beatty, Mankato ; Capt. A. H. Reed, Glencoe ; Sergeant 
Thomas Downs, Minneapolis ; Capt. W. A. Hotchkiss, Pres- 
ton ; Sergeant W. A. Spaulding, Minneapolis. 

Mississippi— Gtn. E. C. Walthall, Granada; Col. W. C. 
Richards, Columbus; Capt. J. S. McNeily, Greenville; Gen- 
E. S. Butts, Vicksburg ; Col. T. Otis Baker, Natchez. 

Missouri — Capt. H. M. Bledsoe, Pleasant Hill. 

Ne7C' York— Gtn. Dan. Butterfield, New York ; Col. L. R. 
Stegman, Brooklyn ; Clinton Beckwith, Herkimer. 

North Carolina— B. F. Baird, Valle Crucis ; D. F. Baird, 
Valle Crucis; Isaac H. Bailey, Bakersville ; J. G. Hall, 
Hickory ; C. A. Cilley, Hickory. 

New Jersey — Gen. E. A. Carman, Washington, D. C; Col. 
John J. Toffey, Jersey City. 

Ohio — Gen. John Beattv, Columbus ; Gen. Aquila Wiley, 
Wooster ; Gen. C. H. Grosvenor, Athens; Col. James Wat- 



THE STATE COMMISSIONS AND STATE TROOPS. 279 

son, Columbus; Capt. J. C. McElroy, Pomeroy ; Capt. J. S. 
Gill. Delaware; Capt. Andrew Jackson, Cedarville ; Frede- 
rick Wendel, Cincinnati ; Gen. Ferd. Van Derveer, Cincin- 
nati. 

Pennsylvania — Private Joseph H. Adams, Lancaster; 
Capt. Wm. J. Alexander, Warren ; Corp. Thomas G. Allen, 
Reading; Lieut. Theodore S. Baker, Philadelphia; Sergt. B. 
F. Balmer, Harrisburg ; Sergt. George R. Beecher, Pitts- 
burgh ; Capt. John D. Bentley, Corry ; Private A. W. Berg- 
stresser, Harrisburg ; Lieut. -Col. Charles M. Betts, Philadel- 
phia; Lieut. -Col. Archibald Blakeley, Pittsburgh; Lieut. 
McEdwin Boring, Philadelphia; Capt. John M. Brinker, 
Buffalo, N. Y.; Capt. Wm. J. Byrnes, Philadelphia; Lieut. 
Steven S. Clair, Columbia; Lieut. George W. Clarke, Phila- 
delphia; Sergt.-Maj. John F. Conaway, Philadelphia; Col. 
John Craig, Lehigh Gap ; Maj. Charles C. Davis, Harris- 
burg ; Capt. Samuel T. Davis, Lancaster ; Lieut. Henry C. 
Darning, Harrisburg; Sergt. T. F. Dornblaser, Bucyrus, O.; 
Capt. Edward Edgerly, Lancaster ; Capt. Robert D. EUwood, 
Pittsburgh; Capt. John O. Foering, Philadelphia; Q.-M. 
Sergt. J. H. Friddy, Mountville; Lieut. J. B. Gettar, Sha- 
mokin ; Sergt. Rev. J. T. Gibson, Pittsburgh ; Capt. C. B. 
Gillespie, Freeport ; Maj. Wm. E. Goodman, Philadephia; 
Lieut. -Col. Charles G. Green, Cincinnati, O.; Private E. L. 
Hambright, Roherstown; Lieut. Edward Hamman, Bethle- 
hem; Maj. E. A. Hancock, Philadelphia; Sergt. A. B. Hay, 
Pittsburgh ; Musician W. H. Hougendobler, Columbia ; Gen. 
T. J. Jordan, Philadelphia ; Bugler Frederick Kappler.Wilkes- 
barre ; Lieut. Isaac Keith, St. Louis, Mo.; Corp. John W. 
Keller, Lancaster ; Private Hugh Kennedy, Philadelphia ; 
Capt. William W. Ker, Philadelphia; Lieut. L D. Landis, 
Coatesville ; Maj. August Ledig, Philadelphia ; Private 
Thomas E. Lewis, Philadelphia ; Maj. Wm. H. Longsdorf, 
Carlisle; Quartermaster N. W. Lowell, Erie; Capt. W. F. 
Lutje, Erie ; Lieut. O. B. Macknight, Plaine ; Corp. Henry 
Mank, Philadelphia ; Lieut. J. H. Marshall, Lancaster ; Capt. 



28o THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Joseph Matchett, Catasauqua ; Maj. Frank }. Miller, Berrys- 
burg ; Surgeon Geo. F. Mish, Middletovvn ; Lieut. Thomas 
Monroe, Gallitzin ; Capt. Joseph A. Moore, Camp Hill; 
Lieut. Charles F. MuUer, Chattanooga; Lieut. S. W. Mc- 
Clusky, Pittsburgh ; Captain James D. McGill, Pittsburgh ; 
Col. John P. Nicholson, Philadelphia; Private Harry Niss- 
ley. Mount Joy; Gen. J. S. Negley, Plainfield, N. J.; Pri- 
vate Hon. James W. Over, Pittsburgh; Gen. William J. 
Palmer, New York City; Gen. Ario Pardee; Wyncote ; 
Maj. John M. Porter, New York City ; Lieut. Jacob Pantz, 
Lancaster; Lieut. Henry Ransing, Lancaster; Col. ^Vm. 
'Richards, Franklin; Quartermaster T. H. Rickert, Potts- 
ville ; Gen. Wm. A. Robinson, Pittsburgh ; Gen. Thos. E. 
Rose, Lebanon, Ky.; Lieut.-Col. R. M. Russell, Hanover; 
Corp. Geo. Schaffner, Butler ; Private Christian Scholder, 
Philadelphia ; Capt. John Schuyler, Lock Haven ; Capt. J. 
B. Schaeffner, Valley Falls, Kans.; Bugler Albert F. Shenck, 
Lancaster; Corp. H. C. Shenck, Lancaster; Corp. J. A. 
Shipp, Shamokin; Maj. Geo. A. Shuman, Landisburg ; Capt. 
Geo. W. Skinner, Pittsburgh ; Adjt. Geo. Stehlin, Orwigs- 
burg; Sergt. J. H. R. Storey, Philadelphia; Capt. H. S. 
Thompson, Pottsville; Hon. John Tweedale, Chief Clerk 
War Department; Capt. Joseph G. Vale, CarHsle ; Capt. H. 

B. Waltman, York ; Maj. Fred. F. Wiehl, Chattanooga ; 
Lieut. E. S. Wisner, Marietta; James Rankin Young, Phila- 
delphia. 

South Carolina — Gen. H. L. Farley, Columbia; Capt. 
Perry Moses, Sumpter; Capt. R. F. McCaslan, Ninety-Six; 

A. C. Appleby, St. Georges ; Col. C. L Walker, Charleston ; 

C. K. Henderson, Aiken ; L. P. Harling, Hibler ; E. J. 
Goggins, Leesville ; J. D. McLucas, Marion ; F. M. Mixon, 
Columbia; J. F. Culpeper, Timmonsville. 

Tennessee — Gen. W. B. Bate, Nashville; Capt. Frank A. 
Moses, Knoxville; Capt. M. H. Clift, Chattanooga ; Col. R. 

B. Snovvden, Memphis; Capt. W. W. Carnes, Memphis; 
Capt. A. H. Buchannan, Lebanon; Mnj. Jos. Vaulx, Nash- 



THE STATE COMMISSIONS AND STATE TROOPS. 261 

ville; Maj. H. J. Cheney, Nashville; Gen. G. P. Thruston, 
Nashville ; Lieut. John Ruhm, Nashville ; Col. John W. 
Morton, Nashville; J. P. Smartt, Chattanooga; John P. 
Hickman, Nashville. Alternates- — Capt. D. D. Anderson, 
Knoxville ; Col. W. L. Eakin, Chattanooga; Hon. Wm. 
Rule, Knoxville; Gen. A. J.Vaughn, IMemphis; Gen. ]\I. J. 
Wright, Washington, D. C; Capt. Sam. Hawkins, Hunting- 
don; Maj. J. Minnick Williams, Nashville: Col. W. J. 
Hale, Hartsville; Maj. C. W. Anderson, Florence Station; 
Lieut. James M. Keeble, Nashville. 

Texas — Gen. Roger Q. Mills, Washington, D. C; Col. C. 
B. Kilgore, Wills Point; Capt. J. P. Douglas, Tyler; Capt. 
O. P. Bowser, Dallas ; Capt. Travis Henderson, Paris. 

Virginia — Hon. Geo. D. Wise, Richmond; Col. A. Fulker- 
son, Bristol; Maj. W. W. Parker, Richmond. 

Wiseonsin — Capt. Wm. A. Collins, Chicago, 111.; Col. W. 
W. Watkins, Milwaukee; Gen. H. C. Hobart, Milwaukee. 

Committees of Army Societies, 

Army of the Cumberland — Gen. C. H. Manderson, Washing- 
ton, D. C; Gen. John M. Palmer, Washington, D. C; Gen. 
J. J. Reynolds, Washington, D. C; Gen. Absolom Baird, 
Washington, D. C; Gen. C. H. Grosvenor, Athens, Ohio; 
Gen. E. A. Carman, Washington, D. C; Gen. H. V. Boyn- 
ton, Washington, D. C. 

Army of the Tennessee — Gen. C. C. Walcutt, Columbus, 
Ohio; Gen. Willard Warner, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Gen. 
Green B. Raum, Chicago, 111.; Maj. S. C. Plummer, Rock 
Island, 111.; Maj. A. Willison, Creston, Iowa; Capt. E. H. 
Webster, Kansas City, Mo.; Capt. D. A. Mulvane, Topeka, 
Kas.; Maj. J. D. Fegan, Clinton, Iowa; Capt. B. M. Callen- 
der, Chicago, 111.; Capt. J, G. Everest, Chicago, 111.; Capt. 
S. S. Frowe, Chicago, 111.: Capt. C. F. Matteson, Chicago, 
111.; Col. E. C. Dawes, Cincinnati, Ohio: Col. E. H. Hildt, 
Canal Dover, Ohio; Col. John Mason Loomis, Chicago, 111.; 
Maj. W. L. B. Janney, Chicago, 111. 



202 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Army of the Potomac — Gen. O. O. Howard; Gen. Wm. 
Cogswell, Washington, D. C.; Gen. E. A. Carman, Wash- 
ington, D. C; Capt. Cyrus E. Graves; Gen. Fred. Winkler. 

The tables following show how each State and the Regular 
Army were represented at Chickamauga and Chattanooga : 

CHICKAMAUGA. 



ROSECRANS. 



States. 


Infantry. 


Cavalry. 


Artillery. 


Total. 


Indiana 


26 

28 

I 

13 

4 

I 

4- 
3 


-> 
J 


8 

5 


37 

33 

I 


Illinois 


Kansas 




Kentucky 


4 




17 

8 


Michigan 

Minnesota 


I 

10 

I 


Ohio 


3 

I 
I 


c;!; 


Pennsylvania 


6 


Tennessee 




United States 


4 

5 


4 
3 

I 


9 
9 
3 


Wisconsin 


Missouri 


Total 


129 


18 


35 


1S2 







Bragg. 



States. 


Infantry. 


Cavalry. 


Artillery. 


Total. 


Alabama 


23 

12 

I 

5 
12 

.5 

4 

17 


5 
I 

4 


8 
3 


35 
16 

5 
6 


Arkansas 

Confederate Regulars.... 
Florida 


I 
7 

3 
4 

2 


Georgia 


5 

I 


-4 
9 

8 


Kentucky 


Louisiana 


Mississippi 


21 


Missouri 




2 




4 

7 

3^^ 

10 

2 


I 


5 
8 


South Carolina 


I 

8 

I 
I 


Tennessee 


12 

2 


56 


Texas 


M 






» 




■ 


Total 


13S 


33 


41 


222 







THE STATE COMMISSIONS AND STATE TROOPS. 



283 



In addition to the above full organizations, Indiana and 
Illinois had each three regiments of mounted infantry, and 
Ohio had one company of sharpshooters, making the total 
number of separate organizations in Rosecrans army, 189. 

Besides the above full organizations, Alabama had 7 bat- 
talions of infantry, Georgia 4, Louisiana i, Mississippi 3, 
South Carolina 2, and Tennessee 5, and West Virginia had 
four full companies in one of the Virginia infantry regiments 
included above, and numerous representatives in the other 
companies of each of the regiments from Virginia. Alabama 
had 2 companies of cavalry, Georgia i, Louisiana 2, Missis- 
sippi I, and Tennessee 2, making the total number of sepa- 
rate organizations in Bragg's army, 251. 

CHATTANOOGA. 



Grant. 



States. 


Infantry. 


Cavalry. 


Artillery. 


Total. 


Illinois 


4=; 

31 

10 

I 

1 1 
1 
4 

2 

14 
I 

14 
61 
10 




10 

3 

I 


55 
34 


Indiana 




Iowa 




Kansas 




I 


Kentucky 


■ 




T 2 


Massachusetts 




I 


Michiofan 


I 


I 
I 
3 


6 


Minnesota 


3 

17 
I 


Missouri 




New Jersey 




New York 




2 

5 

I 
3 
4 


16 


Ohio 


3 


69 
1 2 


Pennsylvania 


Tennessee 




I 


Wisconsin 


7 

7 
I 




10 


U. S. Regulars 




1 1 


West Virginia 




I 










Total 


220 


,^ 


3^' 


261 







284 



THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 
Bragg. 



States. 


Infantr}'. 


Cavalry. 


Artillery. 


Total. 


Alabama 


31 

7 
=; 
36 
5 
4 




8 

3 

I 

9 

1 

I 

4 


44 
1 1 


Arkansas 


Florida 


r, 


Georsfia 


5 
3 
I 


'^o 


ICentuck^■ , 


9 


Louisiana 


Maryland 


I 










Mississippi ' . . 


15 

36 
6 

2 

I 




19 
3 

I r 


I 




7 
I 

5 


Tennessee 

Texas 


1 1 

2 


54 
9 






4 


5 






Total 


163 


33 


46 


242 





In addition to the above, Illinois and Indiana had each one 
regiment of mounted infantry, and Ohio had one battalion 
of sharpshooters. 

The above represents Gen. Bragg's army before the detach- 
ment of forces to East Tennessee. Besides the complete or- 
ganizations named, Alabama had five battalions of infantry, 
Georgia 6, Kentucky i, Louisiana 2, Mississippi 2, South 
Carolina 2, and Tennessee 3. Kentucky had 3 battalions of 
cavalry, Tennessee 2, and Virginia i. The Maryland Bat- 
tery entered in the table was reorganized shortly before the 
battle of Chattanooga, and became a Georgia battery, giving 
the latter state 10 batteries, making the total number of sepa- 
rate organizations in Bragg's army, 269. 

Besides the Union forces engaged in the battle the First 
Division of the Twelfth Corps kept open the lines of com- 
munication north of Bridgeport. While not in the battle it 
was one of the most essential forces of the campaign. In 



THE STATE COMMISSIONS AND STATE TROOPS. 285 

this division, Connecticut had two regiments, Indiana one, 
Maryland one, Massachusetts two, New Jersey one. New 
York four, Pennsylvania one, and Wisconsin one. The First 
Battalion of the Tenth Maine accompanied Gen. Hooker to 
the West, though it soon after returned to the East. The 
total number of separate organizations in Grant's army, 
counting this representative of Maine troops, was 278. 

These figures suggest a comparison which will give eastern 
veterans a clearer idea of the magnitude of the military ope- 
rations about Chattanooga. 

The Army of the Cumberland at Chickamauga had only 
two infantry regiments less than the Army of the Potomac in 
the Seven Days' Rattles ; and Bragg had only three less than 
the Army of Northern Virginia in those battles, a total dif- 
ference for the combined armies of only five regimants of In- 
fantry. The losses of Rosecrans at Chickamauga in two 
days were 16,179, and of McClellan in the Seven Days' only 
15,849, or 330 less than Rosecrans; of Bragg in two days, 
17,804; of Lee in Seven Days', 19,749. Rosecrans' missing, 
notwithstanding the long-current exaggerations of the disaster 
to his right, were only 4,774, against 6,053 in the Seven Days' 
Battles. The total losses of both sides in the Seven Days' 
Battles were only 1,615 ^ove than Rosecrans' and Braggs' 
for the two days' at Chickamauga. 

The influential societies of the Army of the Cumberland 
and the Army of the Tennessee have each given most im- 
portant aid to the project, and the Society of the Army of 
the Potomac has appointed a strong committee to assist. The 
Society of the Army of the Tennessee has been especially 
active and enthusiastic both in its annual meetings and in 
the work of its committee on the field. As has been seen, 
the Society of the Army of the Cumberland led in supporting 
the proposition to establish the Park. At each succeeding 
annual meeting since the project was broached it has re- 
ceived active encouragement, and the influence of this Society" 
has been potent at every step. 



286 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

The Grand Army of the Repubhc, through its commander, 
Gen. Lawler, has rendered and is still giving valuable aid. 

At the last Annual Reunion of the Camps of Confederate 
Veterans the following was adopted : 

"■Resolved, That the thanks of Confederate Veterans are 
hereby tendered to the Congress of the United States for 
establishing the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Mil- 
itary Park, where the history of the heroic fighting on both 
sides is being impartially preserved ; and that the governors 
and legislatures of the Southern States, and especially our 
Senators and Representatives in Congress, be requested to 
actively co-operate with the Secretary of War, and the Na- 
tional Commission acting under him, in furthering the work 
of establishing the National Park." 

The history set forth in these concluding chapters shows 
that the Military Park project is national in every element ; 
that the interest in it is general and earnest ; and that when 
the work now rapidly progressing is finished it will be the 
most complete field for military study that has yet been re- 
stored by any nation. 



POINTS OF DISCUSSION AND DISPUTE. 287 



CHAPTER XX. 

POINTS OF DISCUSSION AND DISPUTE. 

An historical guide which assumes to set forth the saUent 
points of campaigns and battles, would fall short of what might 
properly be expected, if it did not touch upon the various 
questions over which contentions have arisen on each side. 

The Confederate authorities were much quicker than those 
at Washington in estimating the vital importance of Chat- 
tanooga, and strengthening their forces for its defense. 
Buckner's Corps was brought from East Tennessee. A large 
force was sent from Johnston's army in Mississippi. Gov. 
Brown furnished local State troops to relieve veterans in the 
rear, and the latter were sent to the front. For a time it 
was in contemplation to send General Lee to command 
against Rosecrans at the same time that Longstreet's Corps 
was sent south. Three brigades of this force reached Bragg 
in time for the first day's battle, and two more for the second 
day. The Confederates were every where prompt and ac- 
tive in devising and executing means of strengthening Bragg. 

On the other hand Rosecrans was urged forward, in fact, 
almost driven forward into his mountain campaign by the 
most peremptory orders, and without any adequate measures 
for his support. He was at the time exerting all the energies 
of his army to prepare for an advance, and fortunately for those 
who were ordering him, he had independence enough to wait 
until he was ready to move. The only force directed to co- 
operate with Rosecrans, was Burnside's column of 12,000 
then approaching Tennessee. It was very clear long before 
the battle that no attention was being given to these orders 
by Burnside ; but the only consideration given the matter at 



288 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

Washington was to issue other orders of a similar character 
which were treated with the same indifference. The cause 
is now known. If Gen. Burnside, who supposed he ranked 
Rosecrans, had entered the department of the Litter, he would 
be serving under his junior. This was well understood at 
Knoxville, and Gen. Hartsuff, commanding the Twenty-third 
Corps, requested that as he did not rank Rosecrans, he might 
be sent. This request Burnside did not grant. At this time 
prompt action at Washington would have insured help of 
vital importance to Rosecrans at Chickamauga. 

Gen. Grant had urged, soon after the fall of A-'icksburg, 
that a considerable portion of his unemployed force be sent 
to Rosecrans to meet a probable concentration to strengthen 
Bragg. But this suggestion was not adopted. And so when 
the battle came on Rosecrans had become weaker by nec- 
essary detacliments, while Bragg had received abundant re- 
enforcements. 

The Transfer of Longstreet from Virginia. 

Considering the condition of the Confederate railroads 
and their slim equipment, the movement of Longstreet from 
Richmond to Chickamauga properly ranks with the later 
transfer of Hooker's column from Alexandria to Bridgeport. 
The head of the latter force reached the Tennessee in five 
days, Longstreet's advance arrived at Ringgold by way of 
Atlanta in nine days. 

There was no knowledge of the movement at Washington. 
Four days after Longstreet's troops had left Lee's front, a 
telegram from Gen. Halleck informed Rosecrans that it was 
important to ascertain the truth of a report that Bragg was re- 
enforcing Lee. And yet the Ne^il York Herald of September 
8th, had called editorial attention to a special dispatch from 
the front, printed over the signature of one of its well-known 
correspondents, announcing that Longstreet had gone south. 
The same paper also announced the order in which his col- 
umn had moved. But Rosecrans was assured I'rom Wash- 



POINTS OF DISCUSSION AND DISPUTE. 289 

ington, four days before the battle opened, in reply to his 
own inquires, that no troops had gone south to Bragg, and 
the first knowledge Rosecrans obtained of Longstreet's pres- 
ence was through the capture of prisoners. 

G^it. Bragg' s Troubles ivith Subordinates. 

It is impossible to study the Confederate reports and cor- 
respondence without being convinced that Bragg had much 
just cause of complaint against a number of his subordinates ; 
and further, that if his orders on three separate occasions had 
been executed, they would have caused Gen. Rosecrans 
much trouble, if not serious disaster. 

A visit to the scene of operations in McLemore Cove from 
the 8th to the 13th of September, must satisfy any student 
that Gen. Bragg had strong grounds for dissatisfaction, first, 
because his orders to attack Gen. Thomas' column about 
Davis' Cross-roads were not carried out. The roads leading 
to the left flank of Negley's Division were numerous and in 
excellent condition, and even when Baird's Division had 
joined Negley, if the combinations ordered by Gen. Bragg 
had been effected, and the attacks vigorously made as di- 
rected, it now seems as if a serious check to Rosecrans' cen- 
tral column must have resulted. 

In the same way, when Gen. Bragg, failing at the center, 
turned promptly toward Crittenden's Corps, then the left of 
Rosecrans and isolated, the chances for striking an effective 
blow in that quarter were excellent. Valid reasons appear 
to be entirely wanting for failure to obey Gen. Bragg's orders 
in this case also. 

On the morning of the second day's battle at Chickamauga, 
the attack which Bragg ordered to be made at daylight was 
not delivered until 9:30 o'clock, and only made then upon 
orders which he personally transmitted without regard to the 
corps commander who had failed to attack. 

While Gen. Rosecrans seems to have had various good 
grounds of complaint against his superiors, Gen. Bragg had 



290 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

the support and co-operation of these, but a lack of l)oth 
from several of his subordinates. 

Rosecrans Leaviiig the Field. 
Gen. Rosecrans, with Gens. McCook and Crittenden, were 
cut off with the extreme right of the army without fault of 
their own. Longstreet's penetration of the Union center did 
that. Gen. Crittenden was entirely without command, as 
each of his divisions in succession had been detached. 
Palmer's the first day. Wood's early the second, and Van 
Cleve's just before the break took place had been sent to the 
left of the point where it occurred. Stopping some distance 
in rear of the break, on one of the spurs of Missionary 
Ridge, Gen. Rosecrans, with Gen. Garfield, his Chief of 
Staff, and several other members, gave careful attention 
to the situation. As stragglers representing each of the 
corps had been found in the crowd on the roads, it was at 
first believed that the whole line had been routed. The 
sounds of battle showed that Thomas was holding his ground. 
It was, however, deemed not only prudent, but obligatory, 
that a new line should be selected about Chattanooga, on 
which the army could be rapidly formed in case it was driven 
from the field. There were, also, many orders to be given, 
looking to holding Chattanooga Valley, securing the supply 
trains, guarding the bridges at Chattanooga, and other similar 
matters necessary to hastily taking position at Chattanooga, 
if the results on the field demanded it. These things Gen. 
Rosecrans rapidly indicated to Gen. Garfield, asked him to 
'attend to their execution, and said he himself would ride to 
Thomas. Gen. Garfield replied that this responsibility was 
great, especially that of selecting a new line. That, he ar- 
gued, should be done by the general in command — that is, 
by the authority that could at once give orders regarding all 
contingencies that might arise in so grave an emergency. 
He much preferred to ride to Thomas with orders and in- 
formation. To this argument Gen. Rosecrans yielded. 



POINTS OF DISCUSSION AND DISPUTE. 291 

(ien. Garfield went to Thomas, and Gen. Rosecrans to 
Chattanooga. 

Union Forces Involved in the Break. 

The popular impression which prevailed long after the 
war, that McCook's and Crittenden's Corps left the field in a 
body, while the Fourteenth alone remained with Thomas, 
did great injustice to the first named organizations, and 
awarded too much credit to the last. Johnson's Division of 
the Twentieth Corps and Palmer's of the Twenty-first fought 
unflinchingly both days with Thomas. This subject is most 
clearly presented in Van Home's History of the Army of the 
Cumberland, Vol. I, page 361 : 

"As the statement appears in many histories of the war, 
and even in some of recent publication, that Gen. Thomas 
with his single corps saved the army at Chickamauga, it is 
imperative to refute this error, as it does great injustice to the 
ofiicers and men of the other corps. The preceding narra- 
tive gives an indirect refutation, but this prevalent mistake 
should be explicitly corrected. Gens. Crittenden and Mc- 
Cook had each eight brigades on the field, and Gen. Granger 
had three. And of these nineteen brigades, twelve were with 
Gen. Thomas in the final conflict. Five brigades of McCook's 
Corps were cut off on the right, but not more than two from 
Crittenden's, counting fragments. Palmer's Division of Crit- 
tenden's Corps, and Johnson's from McCook's, were with 
Gen. Thomas throughout the battle, and Gen. Wood of the 
former corps, with two brigades of his own division, and 
one from Van Cleve's, went to him on the second day. 
Granger's three large brigades constituted nearly one-fourth 
of the entire force on the final line. More men left the field 
from Gen. Thomas' own corps, the Fourteentlr, than from 
Gen. Crtttenden's. Four regiments of Wilder's Brigade of 
Reynold's Division were on the right of the breach ; a large 
portion, more than a moiety, of Negley's Division was led or 
driven from the field (Beatty's Brigade, through the emer- 



292 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

gencies of battle and orders of Gen. Negley's Adjutant- 
General, joined the divisions on the right, and at night were 
found by Gen. Beatty at Rossville), and Brannan lost a por- 
tion of one of his brigades through orders of a general who 
left the field before the final crisis of the battle." 

The impression, which still exists in many quarters, that a 
large part of Rosecrans' army fell back in disorder to Chatta- 
nooga, is altogether erroneous. The army was withdrawn to 
Rossville by Gen. Thomas, under orders received between 
4 and 5 o'clock from Gen. Rosecrans to take a strong posi- 
tion there, sending all unorganized forces to Chattanooga. 
The withdrawal was by McFarland's Gap, as Gen. Bragg's 
plan of battle had succeeded so far as to obtain control of the 
La Fayette Road beyond the Union left. The withdrawal 
began at 5:30 o'clock with the line around the Kelly Field. 
Each of the corps was re-organized at Rossville, and was in 
strong position there soon after daylight. These lines were 
maintained throughout the 21st of September, the enemy 
feeling them, but making no attack, and during the night of 
that day the army marched on to Chattanooga. 

Rosecrans' Concentration before Chickamauga. 

There has been wide criticism of Gen. Rosecrans for not 
withdrawing at once over Lookout Mountain when he found 
that Chattanooga was evacuted, and proceeding along its 
western base to the occupation of that city. 

His own answer is, that with Bragg concentrated within 
easy reach, and so situated that the movements of each of 
Rosecrans' columns were accurately known by him, tlie first 
signs of withdrawal over the mountains would have brought 
the precipitation of Bragg upon Crittenden, and the probable 
forcing back of the latter and enabling Bragg to re-occupy 
Chattanooga. The concentration along the eastern base of 
Lookout was also along the shortest and on supporting lines. 



POINTS OF DISCUSSION AND DISPUTE. 293 

Confederate Criticism of Gen. Bragg. 

After the battle of Chickamauga, there was considerable 
criticism of Gen. Bragg for not crossing the Tennessee above 
Chattanooga, marching on Rosecrans' line of supplies, and 
thus compelling him to give up the city and retire on Nash- 
ville. After the battle of Chattanooga, this criticism gained 
wider currency. Gen. Bragg thus disposed of it in his re- 
port : 

"The suggestion of a movement by our right immediately 
after the battle to the north of the Tennessee and thence upon 
Nashville, requires notice only because it will find a place on 
the files of the department. Such a movement was utterly 
impossible for want of transportation. Nearly half our army 
consisted of re-enforcements just before the battle, without a 
wagon or an artillery horse, and nearly, if not quite, a third 
of the artillery horses on the field had been lost. The rail- 
road bridges, too, had been destroyed to a point south of 
Ringgold, and on all the road from Cleveland to Kno.xville. 
To these insurmountable difficulties were added the entire 
absence of means to cross the river, e.xcept by fording at a 
few precarious points too deep for artillery and the well- 
known danger of sudden rises, by which all communication 
would be cut, a contingency which did actually happen a few 
days after the visionary scheme was proposed. But the most 
serious objection to the proposition was its entire want of 
military propriety. It abandoned to the enemy our entire 
line of communication, and laid open to him our depots of 
supplies, while it placed us with a greatly inferior force be- 
yond a difficult and at times impassable river, in a country 
affording no subsistence to men or animals. It also left open 
to the enemy, at a distance of only ten miles, our battle field, 
with thousands of our wounded and his own, and all the 
trophies and supplies we had won. All this was to be risked 
and given up for what? To gain tlie enemy's rear and cut 
him off from his depot of supplies by the route over the 



294 THE NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 

mountains, when the very movement abandoned to his un- 
molested use the better and more practicable route, of half 
the length, on the south side of the river. It is hardly neces- 
sary to say, the proposition was not even entertained, what- 
ever may have been the inferences drawn from subsequent 
movements." 

T/ioTnas' Success at Afissioiia/y Ridge. 
The declaration was current at the time of the battle, and 
has been persistently maintained in various histories since, 
that the successful storming of Missionary Ridge by Gen. 
Thomas' Corps was made possible because Gen. Sherman's 
attack at the north end of the Ridge had drawn large forces 
from Thomas' front, and so enabled him to break through. As 
a matter of fact, not a soldier or a gun left the Confederate 
center to go to their right after Sherman's assault began. 
The movements on the Ridge which led to this belief were 
those of the troops which had abandoned Lookout and were 
on their way to the Confederate right. Most of these reached 
their destination by 9 a. m. The exact opposite is true, that 
soon after Gen. Thomas moved against the Confederate cen- 
ter, that is, about an hour before sunset, Brown's, Cumming's, 
and Maney's Brigades were dispatched by Gen. Cleburne 
from Tunnel Hill to the assistance of the forces opposing 
Thomas, Cleburne himself accompanying them. Brown's 
Brigade reached Cheatham's line before the close of the 
action, and, supported by Cumming's, participated in the 
effort to check Baird's northward advance along the crest of 
the Ridge. 

Bragg' s Holding on to Missionary Ridge. 
Many Confederate officers criticized Gen. Bragg for estab- 
lishing his line on Missionary Ridge, after the Union arm\- 
had carried Lookout Mountain, instead of withdrawing to 
Dalton, where he could have protected his flanks. With the 
road to the Confederate left flank at Rossville open to 



PUINIS OF DISCUSSION AND DISPUTE. 295 

Hooker, and Gen. Sherman"s army on the right fla.nk at 
Tunnel Hill, the Missionary Ridge line was practically 
turned on both flanks. So strong was the expectation of 
withdrawal at Gen. Hardee's Headquarters, that Gen. Cle- 
burne sent his artillery and ordnance stores across the Chick- 
amauga during the evening of the 24th, recalling them upon 
learning that it had been decided to give battle on Missionary 
Ridge. 



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INDEX. 



Approaches of the Park, length of, 1,2. 

Armj- societies, committees of, 2S1. 

Armies, Union and Confederate, at opening of the Cliickamauga 
campaign. 1 15. 

Artillery battalions. Confederate, at Chattanooga: Maj. Austin 
Levden, ii;6; Col. E. P. Alexander, 1156; Maj. Melancthon 
Smith, 157; Maj. T. R. Hotchkiss, 158; Capt. William W. 
Carnes, i:;g; Maj. Robert Martin, 160; Capt. II. C. Semple, 
161; Capt. C. H. Slocomb, 162; Maj. S. C Williams, 163; Maj. 
A. R. Courtney, 164; Reserve, Maj. Felix H. Robertson, 166. 

Artillery reserve. Union, at Chattanooga, 147. 

Barnes' brigade at \'iniard's, 3S; on Kelly Field line, 69. 

Battery H, Fifth U. S. Artillery, captured, 177, 17S 

Battery locations, hoW marked, 11. 

Belknap, Capt. C. E., at Widow Glenn's, 194. 

Boulevard, the central, 2. 

Boundaries, legal, i, 2, 

Bragg, evacuates Chattanooga, 19; concentrates at La Fayette, 20; 
orders attack on Rosecrans' center in McLemore's Cove, 21; 
orders attack on Crittenden, the Union left, 23; general order 
for battle of Chickamauga, 26; crosses the Chickamauga and 
forms for battle, 27, 170, 1S4; attacked on right and in rear by 
Rosecrans, 27; movements into action, 1S6; headquarters on 
Missionary Ridge, 2; investment of Chattanooga, 89; move- 
ments from Chickamauga, 92; lines around Chattanooga, 92. 

Brock Field, 179, 182, 183. 

Brown's brigade at Missionary Ridge, 216. 

Brotherton House, battle lines about, 176; to Snodgrass Hill, iSg. 

Brown's Ferry affair, 99-104. 

" Burning House" — Poe's, i-jC). 

Capti're of Union regiments: 22d Michigan, 21st and Sgth 

Ohio, 56. 
Cavalry, Union, 169. 

(-99) 



300 INDEX. . 

Chattanooga, battle of, 109; Grant's order of battle, 109; positions 
of the opposing armies, 112; advance on Orchard Knob, 113; 
battle of Lookout Mountain, 116; Sherman's Crossing, 120; 
Confederate movements, night of November 24, 122; battle of 
Missionarv Ridge, 123; Sherman's assault on Tunnel Hill, 123; 
Confederate defense of Tunnel Hill, 126; Confederate with- 
drawal from Lookout, I2g; Thomas' storming of Missionarv 
Ridge, 132; Hooker at Missionarv Ridge, 215; Union artillerv 
at Chattanooga, 136; Union losses, 137; post of Chattanooga, 
147- 

Chickamauga campaign — Rosecrans' strategv, it;; plan of campaign, 
16; its objective, 15; position of armies at opening of, 15; com- 
position of the armies, i:;; feint on the left, 16; crossing the 
Cumberlands, the Tennessee river, the Raccoon and Lookout 
ranges, i6-ig; evacuation of Chattanooga, 19; movements of 
Crittenden's feint on the left, 17, ig; movements of Bragg's 
army from Chattanooga to I^a Fayette, 20; Union forces in 
Chattanooga, 19, 20. 

Chickamauga campaign skeletonized, 95; successive moves of each 
army, 95-9S. 

Chickamauga — first day's battle, 2g; Bragg's plan, 24; fields cleared 
since the battle, 2g; first Confederate troops on the field, 31; 
Mintv at Reed's Bridge, Wilder at Alexander's, 31; Bragg's 
formation for battle, 32; Thomas' and McCook's Corps b\' night 
march gain Bragg's right and rear, 32; Brannan opens the bat- 
tle near Jay's Mill, 34; Negley's Division confronts Breckin- 
ridge's at Glass Mill, 34; main teatures of first day's operations, 
34-40; position of the opposing forces, 32; 

Engagements about — ^Jay's Mill, 34; Winfrey's (E. C. Reed) 
House, 35, 36, 3g; on extreine left, 36; Brock Field, 36; Brother- 
ton's 37; Poe's, 37; Viniard's, 38; at night of igth September, 
3g, 40; night engagement of Johnson's and Baird's divisions, 
with Cleburne's and Cheatham's, 3g, 40. 

Chickamauga from Chattanooga via Missionary Ridge; via of Ross- 
ville, 195. 

Chickamauga — second day's battle, 41; re-arrangement of the lines, 
41, 42; Bragg's fresh troops, 41; Bragg's order for an early at- 
tack not executed, 44; Breckinridge opens the battle, 44; reaches 
the Kell\' Field, 45; is finally repulsed, 45, 47; Longstreet 
breaks through the Union center, 4g; cause of the gap in the 
Union lines, 48, 4g; Brannan swings back to Snodgrass Hill, 
4g; Wood rallies there, 4g; Negley leaves the field, 52; Davis 
and Sheridan forced off the field, 52; Rosecrans cut otf with 
them, 52; Forrest's Cavalry captures Cloud Hospital, ^^■, Con- 
federate assault on the Helly Field line, 57; Longstreet assaults 
on Snodgrass Hill, 55, 56; arrival of Granger's reserve to the 
relief of Thomas. 55; Kershaw's, B.Johnson's, Hindman's, and 
Preston's Divisions assault Snodgrass Hill, 55, 56; capture of 
three Union regiments by Kelly's and Trigg's brigades, 56; 
Thomas' withdrawal to Rossville, 57; takes position there, 58; 
ctrength and losses, 58, 59, 227-229. 



INDEX. 301 

Claj'ton's brigade reaches the Tanyard, 37. 

Clearings and woods as they were in 1S63, 29. 

Confederate army, roster of, at Chickamaiiga, with movements of 

each division in both days' battle, 72-S7; the same for the bat- 
tles at Chattanooga, 155-166. 
Confederate right, and Union left, Sunday, September 20th, from 

about McDonald's, 19S, 199. 
Consolidation of 20th and 21st Corps at Chattanooga, 93. 
Crawfish Springs, roads from, 167; old wheel and inill, i6g; view 

from, 170; Union army arrives at, 170; night march through, 

170; Union hospitals, 169. 
Crest Road — to La Fayette Road b^' the cut-off, 195; the drive 

upon, 214. 
Crittenden's Corps — feint on Union left, 16; at Lee and Gordon's 

Mill, 173; its moves from Lee and Gordon's into action, 175; its 

lines at Lee and Gordon's, 173. 
Croxton and Forrest open first day's battle, 34. 

Davis' Cross Roads, Confederate movement against Negley's and 
Baird's divisions, 21-23. 

DeLong Place, Missionary Ridge, 2, 3. 

Distances, table of, 12; length of Park approaches, i. 

Divisions, Confederate, movements into battle at Chickamauga first 
day: Cheatham, 35, 73; Cleburne, 39, 75; Breckinridge, 34, 76; 
Hood (Law), 37, 83; Bushrod Johnson, 37, 38, 84; Liddell, 3^, 
78; Preston, 38, 80; Stewart, 37, 79; Walker (Gist) 34, 77; For- 
rest's Cavalry, 34, 85; Wheeler's Cavalry, 86. 

Divisions, Confederate, movements at Chickatnauga, second dav: 
Cheatham, 43, 73; Cleburne, 43, 45, 75; Breckinridge, 41, 43, 44, 
45, 47, 76; Hindman, 41, 43, 52, 53, 55, 74; Hood (Law), 43, 49, 
83; Bushrod Johnson, 43, 53, 55, 84; Liddell, 43, 53, 78; McLaw 
(Kershaw) 41,43, 49, 53,55,56, 82; Preston, 41, 43, 56,80; Stewart, 
43,49,79; Walker (Gist), 41, 43, 53,77; Forrest's Cavalry, 43, 
45' .S3i ^5; Wheeler's Cavalrj', 86. 

Divisions, Confederate, positions and movements in the battles about 
Chattanooga: Breckinridge (Bate), 113, 123, 133, 136, 162; Buck- 
ner (Johnson), 113, 114, 133, 163; Cheatham, 113, 114, 117, 122, 
128, 129, 133, 136, 157; Cleburne, 113, 114, 122. 123, 127, 126-129; 
Hindman (Patton Anderson), 113, 114, 133; Hood, 113, 156; Mc- 
Law, 113, 155; Stevenson, 113, 117, 122, 126, 128, 129, 159; Stew- 
art, 113, 122, 129, 133, 161; Walker (Gist), 113, 122, 129, 160; 
Cavalry, Wheeler's, 164. 

Divisions, Union, movements into battle at Chickamauga, first dav: 
Baird, 32, 35. 39, 60; Brannan. 3:, 34, 37. 62; Davis, 38, 64; 
Johnson, 35, 36, 39, 6:;; Granger (D. McConk's brigade), 32, 70; 
Negley, 34, 37, 61; Palmer, 35. -''i, -7, 68, R--vnolds. 36, 37, 63; 
Sheridan. 39, 66; Steedman, 3:. ^4, 70; Van Cleve, 37, 69; 
Wood, 38, 39, 67; Cavalry division!--, 71. 



302 INDEX. 

Divisions, Union, movements at Chickamauga, second day: Baird, 
43' 44' 45' 57' 6o; Brannan, 47, 49, 52, 55, 57^ 62;^ Davis, 43. 49, 
52, 64; Johnson, 43, 57, 65; Morgan (D. McCook's brigade), 70; 
Negley, 47, 52, 61; Palmer, 43, 57, 68; Reynolds, 43, 57, 63; 
Sheridan, 52, 66; Steedman, 55, 56, 70; Van Cleve, 43, 58, 69, 
290; Wood, 43, 47, 49, 67; Cavalry divisions, 71. 

Divisions, Union, positions and movements at the battles about 
Chattanooga, 112; Baird, 112, T13, 125, 133, 136, 138,145; Cruft, 
112, 116, 117, 119, 131, 132, 137, 140; Davis, 112, 121, 122, 126, 
138, 144; Ewing, 112, 120, 121, 123, 126, 138, 153; Geary, 112, 
116, 117, 119, 120, 129, 131, 132, 137, 150; Johnson, 112, 120, 132, 
133, 134, 138, 143; Osterhaiis, 112, 116, 1 17, 119, 131, 132, 137, 15 i ; 
Schurz, 113, 125, 137, 138, 149; Sheridan, 112, 113, 114, 133, 134, 
138, 141; Smith, John E., 112, 120, 121, 123, 138, 154; Smith, 
NTorgan, L., 112, 120, 121, 123, 138, it;2; Steinwehr, 113, 125, 
137, 138, 148; Williams. 150; Wood, 112, 113, 114, 133, 134, 137, 
13S, 142; Cavalry (Eli Long), 112. 146. 

Dodge's Brigade, on north line Kelly Field, 44. 

Dyer Fields, 173. 

Engineer troops at Chattanooga, 146. 

Fighting ground at Chickamauga of Union organizations: Baird's 
division, 172, 182; Baldwin's brigade, iSi; Beatty's, John, bri- 
gade, at Glass' Mill, 34, 169; Beatty, Samuel, 1S3; Brannan's 
division, 172, 177, 178; Connell's brigade, 177; Croxton's brigade, 
177, 178, 179; Cruft's brigade, 182; Davis' division, 172; Dicks' 
brigade, 183; Dodge's brigade, 181; Grose's brigade, 182; Ha- 
zen's brigade, 68, 182, 194; Johnson's division, 172. 182; King's, 
E. A., brigade, 183; McCook's brigade, 198, 200; Negley's divi- 
sion, 173; Palmer's division, 182; Reynold's division, 172, 183; 
Scribner's brigade, 179; Stanley's brigade, 34, 169; Stark- 
weather's brigade, 182; Turchin's brigade, 1S3, 200; Van Cleve's 
division, 69, 1S3; Van Derveer's brigade, 177, 178, 179, 203, 204; 
Willich's brigade, 181. 

Fighting ground at Chickamauga of Confederate organizations: 
Bate's brigade. 183; Breckinridge's division, 34, 169, iq8, iqg, 
200; Brown's brigade. 183, 294; Cheatham's division, i8i, 182; 
Clayton's brigade, 183; Cleburne's division, 45, 182; Ector's bri- 
gade, 177, 179; Forrest's cavalry, 177, 178, 179; Govan's bri- 
gade, 181, 200; Jackson's brigade. 181; Law's brigade, 37. 183; 
Liddell's division, 177, 178,200; Maney's brigade, 181; Smith's, 
Preston, brigade, 181; Stewart's division. 45, 183; Strahl's bri- 
gade. 181; Walker's division. 177, 178; Walthall's brigade, 177, 
17S, iSi, 200; Wilson's brigade, 178; Wright's brigade, 181. 

First day's battle lines, best route around, 176. 

Forrest and Croxton open the first day's battle, 34. 

Forrest at Union hospitals. Cloud's, 198. 

Fulton's Brigade attacks Van Cleve south of Brotherton's, 176. 



INDEX. 303 

Glass' Mill, affair at, between Breckinridge's and Negley's troops, 
34, 169; aftair between Crook's and Wheeler's Cavalry, 169; 
John Beatty's and Stanley's Brigades, Helm's Brigade, Eli 
Long's Cavalry Brigade, 169. 

Grade's Brigade carries a salient on Snodgrass Ilill, 56. 

Granger, Gordon, at Cloud's, moves from Cloud's to Snodgrass Hill, 
19S; at Snodgrass Hill, 190, 192. 

Grant arrives at Chattanooga, November 23d, loi. 

Guide to Chattanooga Field, 207; Lookout Mountain, cars to, 207; 
views from, 207; Wauhatchie, Brown's Ferry. Moccasin Point, 
Chattanooga, Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge, seen from, 
207-213; to Orchard Knob, Sherman Heights, and Bragg's 
Headquarters by street cars, 213. 

(juide to the Chickamauga Field, 167; approaching from Crawfish 
Springs, 167; Crawfish Springs and vicinity, 167; composition 
of the line the second day, 186-189; Confederate forces, move- 
ments of, into Saturday's battle, 183; Brannan's, Baird's. and 
Johnson's Divisions, movements of, into Saturday's battle, 172; 
Davis', Wood's, and Sheridan's attack at Viniard's, 175; Glass 
Mill position, 167; Harker s Brigade, vital stand of, 190; night 
attack of Cleburne and Cheatham on Baird and Johnson, 182; 
night march of Rosecrans' armv, 170; Palmer's and Van Cleve's 
division in action at the center, 17^; Reynolds' division in ac- 
tion at Poe's, 172; routes to the field, 167; Snodgrass Hill — Con- 
federate attack, 192, 193; Union line on, 1S9; Thomas arrives at 
Kelly Field, 170. 

Guide to the Chickamauga Field, approaching from Chattanooga, 
191^; approaching by Missionary Ridge, 195; Cloud House and 
hospitals, 19S, Kelly Field, lines and movements about, 201, 204; 
Snodgrass Hill from Kelly's, 201; from Brotherton's, 201; Union 
left and Confederate right, Sunday, 19S; Saturday's line, how 
best to visit, 201; withdrawal from Snodgrass Hill, 206; from 
Kelly Field, 204. 

Harker's brigade gains rear of Bushrod Johnson, 176. 

Hazen's brigade on Snodgrass Hill, 68. 

Historical tablets, 4; specimens of, 5-10, 396, 297, 29S. 

Hooker arrives at Bridgeport, September 30th, with nth and 12th 

Corps, 93; his column at Rossville, 215; see chapters IX, X. 

and p. 1 16. 

«* 

Jackson's brigade at Missionary Ridge, 216. 

Jay's Mill and vicinity, 178. 

Kelly's brigade, captures by, 57. 

Kelly Field, Confederate attacks upon, 202-204; John Beatty's. 
Stanlev's, and Van Derveer's brigades in, 203; lines around, 
September 20, 202; occupation by Confederates, 204; operations 



304 INDEX. 

about, 302-204; Stovall and Adams' brigades gain the Union 
rear in, 203; Sunday's line about, 1S6. 
Kelly House to Snodgrass Hill, 201. 

Lee and Gordon's Mill line, 173. 

Lee Mansion, Rosecrans' Headquarters, 169. 

Lines of battle about Snodgrass Hill, 189-193. 

Lines of battle at Chickamauga, September 20, morning, Union and 

Confederate, 186-1S9. 
Losses at Chattanooga: Orchard Knob, 137; Lookout Mountain, 

137, 138; Missionary Ridge, 137, 13S. 
Losses. Union and Confederate at Chickamauga, 227-229; compared 

with European battles, 257. 
Lytle, Gen. W. H., killed, 173. 

McAfee's Church, 197, 19S. 

McCook's, D., brfgade (Morgan's division), at Jay's Mill, 17S, 179. 

McDonald's to Snodgrass Hill, joi. 

McLemore's Cove, movements in, 21; Bragg orders attack on Rose- 
crans' center, 21; Negley at Davis' Cross Roads, 21; failure to 
execute Bragg's orders, 2^\ Bragg orders attack on Union left, 
23; another failure to carry out orders, Bragg's disappointment, 
24: Rosecrans hastens concentration of his army, 24, 25; con- 
centration accomplished, 25. 

Missionary Ridge, positions of Confederate divisions upon, 215. 

Missionary Ridge, position of Union divisions on Thomas' line, 215, 
216. 

Monuments of S-inch shells where general officers were killed, 11, 
31, 173, 175, 182, 187. (For E. A. King's monument, see List of 
Illustrations.) 

Moore's brigade at Missionary Ridge, 216. 

Nationae Park, general description of, i; approaclies of, i, 2; 
boundaries of, i, 2; main boulevard, 2; minor purchases, Bragg's 
Headquarters, De Long spur. Orchard Knob, Tunnel Hill. 2, 
13; restoring the fields, 3; observation towers, 3; historical 
tablets, 4; specimen tablets, 5-10; marking battery locations, 11; 
restoring works, 11; marking lines, 11; table of distances, 12; 
pyramidal monuments to general oflicers killed, 11. 

National Park, work of establishing it, 272; Secretary Proctor or- 
ganizes the work. 272; commission appointed, 272; Major Frank 
G. Smith, U. S. A., succeeds Col. S. C. Kellogg, U. S. A., 273; 
subsequent support of Secretaries Elkins and Lumont, 273; As- 
sistant Secretaries Grant and Doe active friends, 273; engineers 
of the Park and their work, 273; the assistant in Confederate 
work, 274. 



INDEX. 305 

Night march of Union army September iSth, and movements into 

battle, 19th, 170-175. 
Ninth Ohio, recaptures reguhir battery, 35. 

Oates, W. C, attacks near Brotlierton, 176. 

Observation Towers. See List of Ukistrations, 3, 175, 177, 192, 211. 
Occupation of Chattanooga, first Union troops to enter, 19, 20. 
Opening of the battle of Chickamauga, Brannan, Forrest, Walker, 

177. 
Orchard Knob, 2, 213, 214. 

Park Project, history of, 219; suggestion of the scheme first in- 
dorsed by Society Ariny of the Cumberland; committee of the 
Society meets in Washington. 220; Joint Memorial Association 
agreed upon, 221; meeting of Union and Confederate veterans 
at Chattanooga to consider, 222; addresses by Gen. Rosecrans, 
Gov. Marks, and W. A. Henderson, 222, 232, 239; project ex- 
plained by Gen. Boynton, 223-232; indorsement of Confederate 
Veterans, 2^2; barbecue at Crawfish Springs, 243; addresses of 
Gov. Gordon and Gen. Rosecrans, 243—247; organization of 
Chickamauga Memorial Association, 248; incorporators, direc- 
tors, and officers elected, 24S-250. 

Park Project, plan changed to a National Military Park, 251; the 
matter before Congress, 251; bill to establish the Park, 251; 
Gen. C. H. Grosvenor introduces it, 251; favorable report by 
House Committee on Militarj' Afi^airs, 252-259; bill passed 
unanimously by both houses, 260; signed by President Harrison, 
260; text of bill establishing the fjark, 261-266; active friends 
of the measure in Congress, 267-268; friends in the press at 
Washington, 268-269; •" ^^^ War Record Office, 268; bill for 
the national dedication of the Park, 269; regulations for monu- 
ments, tablets, and markers, 270. 

Plan of battle, Bragg's for Chickainauga, 25, 26. 

Plan of Chickamauga campaign, Rosecrans', 16; of battle of Chat- 
tanooga, Grant's, 109. 

Poe House, 176; Reynolds' operations about, 176. 

Points of discussion and dispute, 287; prompt re-inforcement of 
Bragg, 2S7; delay in aiding Rosecrans, 2S7; Grant urges send- 
ing troops to Rosecrans, 28S; transfer of Longstreet from Vir- 
ginia, 288; Bragg's troubles with subordinates, 289; Rosecrans 
forced off the field, 290; Union troops involved in Sunday's 
break, 291; stopped at Rossville, 292; Rosecrans' concentration 
east of Lookout, 292; Confederate criticism of Bragg, 293; 
Thomas' success at Missionary Ridge, 294; Bragg's holding on 
to Missionary Ridge, 294. 



3o6 INDEX. 

Reed's Bridge, Confederate crossing at, 31, 184; Bushrod Johnson's 
division, Robertson's brigade, 31, 1S4; Minty's Cavalry. Wilder's 
Mounted Infantry, 1S4; Wilder assists Mintv at, 31. 

Regulars, at Chickaniauga, 282; at Chattanooga, 2S3. 

Regular Batter\' II, 5th U. S. captured, 3^; recaptured by Ninth 
Ohio, 3^. 

Re-opening the Tennessee River: battle of Wauhatchie, 105; Hooker 
arrives at Brown's Ferry, 105; Geary halts at Wauhatchie, 
Longstreet makes a night attack on Geary, 105; Hood's division 
the assaulting force, 106; Union troops successful and the line 
of supplies by the river and adjacent roads opened, loS. 

Re-opening the Tennessee River: the Brown's Ferr\' affair, 99; Rose- 
crans ready to execute his plan upon Hooker's arrival, 99; 
Hooker delayed by non-arrival of his trains. Rosecrans relieved, 
loi; his plan carried out by Thomas, 103; Gen. W. F. Smith 
executes it, 101; Hazen's brigade moves in boats to Brown's 
Ferry, Turchin's, by land, 103; the Michigan Mechanics and 
Engineers, 103; Hooker co-operates from Bridgeport, 104: 
Law's brigade defends the ferry, 104. 

Restoring the fields, 3. 

Restoring works, 11. 

Reynolds' division, charge of, September 20th, 200. 

Rosecrans crosses the Cumberland, 17; crosses the Tennessee River 
and Mountains beyond to McLemore's Cove, 16-19; concen- 
trated in McLemore's Cove, 25; interposes by night march be- 
tween Bragg and Chattanooga. 27; attacks right and rear of 
Bragg at Jay's Mill, opening battle of Chickaniauga, 27; takes 
position at Chattanooga, September 22, 90; relieved October 19, 
loi; Thomas put in command, loi. 

Rossville Gap, Rosecrans' lines, September 20th, midnight, and .Sep- 
tember 2 1st, 89, 90, 197. 

Shell Monuments, to whom erected, 11. 

Sherman's column reaches Lookout Vallev, November iS, 94. 

Sherman Heights, 213. 

Snodgrass Hill, base of, positions of Confederate lines, 193. 

Snodgrass Hill, crest of, position of Union lines, 193-194. 

Society Army of the Cumberland, first to indorse Park project, 220. 

State Commissions, 275, 277. 

State troops, 1S3, 184. 

Thomas' Headquarters at Kelly's Field, 171. 
Thomas in command on the field at Chickanuiuga, 52. 
Thomas succeeds Rosecrans, October 19, loi. 
Thomas' withdrawal from Kelly's Field, 204. 
Thomas' withdrawal from Snodgrass Hill, 206. 



INDEX. 307 

Trigg's brigade, captures by, 56. 

Troops of the states at Chickamauga, 2S3; at Chattanooga, 284. 

Tunnel Hill, 13. 

Turchin's brigade, charge of, September 20, :;oo. 

Union army reaches Chattanooga, 89; formation of the lines, 90. 
Union army, roster of, at Chickamauga, with movements of each 
division in both days' battles, 60-72. 
The same for the battles at Chattanooga, 140-154. 
Union hospitals at Cloud House, Church and Spring, 198; at Craw- 
fish Springs, 169. 

ViDiTOE House, 173. 

Viniard's, battle lines about, 175. 

W.\LTHALL, opposes Hooker at Lookout Mountain, 117, 209; op- 
poses Baird on Missionary Ridge, 136, 21 

Wauhatchie, battle of, 105-108. 

Widow Glenn's, Rosecrans' Headquarters, 173. 

Wilder's brigade, in front of Hood, September iSth, 31, 32; at Vin- 
iard's, September 19th, 38, 184; at Widow Glenn's, 173, 188. 

Winfrey House (E. C. Reed's), iSi. 

Withdrawal, Union troops from Snodgrass Hill, 193; Kelly's, 204. 

Woods and clearings as they were in 1S63, 29. 



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